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Human Physiology for Exercise > Week 7 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Week 7 - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Endocrine System do?

A

Endocrine glands secrete hormones that travel in the bloodstream to target tissues

Allows cells to communicate with each other

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2
Q

Functions of the Endocrine System

A
  • Metabolism
  • Control of food intake and digestion
  • Tissue development
  • Ion levels
  • Water balance
  • Heart rate and blood pressure changes
  • Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
  • Control of reproductive functions
  • Uterine contractions and milk release
  • Immune system function
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3
Q

3 types of hormone secretion patterns

A

Chronic hormone secretion - Stable concentration is maintained in the blood stream over along period of time

Acute hormone secretion - Hormone secretion increases rapidly for a short time, usually is water soluble (e.g. insulin and epinephrine)

Episodic hormone secretion - Hormones are secreted at regular intervals and concentrations (e.g. insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cell)

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4
Q

3 different types of hormone regulation/activation and what each do

A

Neural activation - a neuron releases a neurotransmitter that signals the endocrine gland to release a hormone

Hormonal activation - a hormone (typically called a hormone-releasing factor) will stimulate an endocrine organ/gland to release a different hormone

Humoral control - the control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluids such as blood or the ion concentration in the blood e.g. rise in blood glucose stimulates pancreas to release insulin

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5
Q

Two major mechanisms allow homeostatic levels of hormones in the body

A

Positive and Negative feedback systems

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6
Q

Positive feedback system

A

Self-propagating system where the hormone stimulates it’s target cell and also promotes synthesis and secretion of the hormone

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7
Q

Negative feedback system

A

Self-limiting system where the hormone is inhibited by itself when there is adequate hormone levels in the blood

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8
Q

What happens when a cell down regulates it’s receptor response

A

This occurs when the cell decreases the number of receptors it has on the cell membrane

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9
Q

What happens when a cell up regulates?

A

An increased rate of receptor synthesis in the cell allows for more receptor sites for hormones

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10
Q

Name the glands that make up the Endocrine system (10)

A

Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal gland, Parathyroids, Thyroid, Thymus, Pancreas (islets), Adrenals, Testes and Ovaries

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11
Q

Major control site of the nervous and endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

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12
Q

Where does the hypothalamus receive it’s information? (3)

A

Hormones, emotions and the CNS

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13
Q

The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by an extension called:

A

infundibulum

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14
Q

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Structure, Target tissue and Response

A

Peptide, Anterior pituitary cells that secrete growth hormone, increased growth hormone secretion

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15
Q

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH), or somatostatin

Structure, Target tissue and Response

A

Small peptide, AP cells that secrete GH, decreased GH secretion

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16
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Structure, Target tissue and Response

A

Small peptide, AP cells that secrete TSH, increased TSH secretion

17
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Structure, Target tissue and Response

A

Peptide, AP cells that secrete Adrenocorticotropic hormone, increased ACTH hormone secretion

18
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Structure, Target tissue and Response

A

Small peptide, Anterior pituitary cells that secrete luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, increased LH and FSH hormone secretion

19
Q

Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)

Structure, Target tissue and Response

A

Unknown, AP cells that secrete prolactin, increased prolactin secretion

20
Q

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

Structure, Target tissue and Response

A

Dopamine (amino acid derivative), AP cells that secrete prolactin, decrease prolactin secretion

21
Q

What type of tissue is the posterior pituitary gland made of

A

Neural tissue

22
Q

What is another name for the posterior pituitary gland

A

Neurohypophysis

23
Q

What structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

Infundibulum

24
Q

Specialised blood portal system between hypothalamus and AP

A

Hypothalamohypophysial portal system

25
Q

Posterior pituitary gland steps from stimuli to target tissue (4)

A
  1. Stimuli from the nervous system causes an increase or decrease in action potentials from hypothalamic neurons
  2. Action potentials move through axons down the hypothalamohypophysial tract to the posterior pituitary.
  3. Causes the release of stored neurohormones from the pituitary gland
  4. Neurohormones circulate in the blood and travel to their target tissues
26
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin, Oxytocin

27
Q

ADH

Stimulation (2 types), Target Tissue, Response

A

Stimulation: Osmoreceptors respond to changes in blood osmolality.

Increase in osmolality → increases action potentials in both osmoreceptors and ADH neurosecretory neurons → increasing ADH secretion

Stimulation: Baroreceptors respond to changes in blood pressure

Decrease in blood pressure → increases action potentials frequency → increasing ADH secretion

Target tissue: kidneys

Response: Kidneys retain more water to decrease osmolality or increase blood pressure

28
Q

The majority of anterior pituitary hormones are what type

A

Tropic hormones which stimulate the secretion of other hormones from other endocrine glands or organs

29
Q

Name the Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A

Growth Hormone (GH), Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH), Prolactin

30
Q

GH Stimulation, target tissue, and response

A

Stimulation: Stressors (low blood glucose) stimulates GH releasing hormone from hypothalamus, increases the secretion of GH by AP

Target tissue: most tissues

Response: Stimulates growth, regulates metabolism, regulates blood nutrient levels during fasting and post meal

31
Q

What type of feedback does GH have

A

Negative feedback and GH inhibiting hormone decreases the secretion of GH

32
Q

TSH Stimulation, target tissue, and response

A

Stimulation: Controlled by the secretion of Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid hormone

Target tissue: Thyroid gland

Response: Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone

33
Q

How is the TSH inhibited

A

It is inhibited by the presence of thyroid hormone

Negative feedback

34
Q

ACTH stimulation, target tissue and response

A

Stimulation: Released in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Target tissue: Adrenal cortex

Response: Increased secretion of glucocorticoid hormones

Human Physiology for Exercise (25 decks)

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