Week 10 - part 2 adulthood and adolescence

Question 1

Define puberty and name 3 things that occur

Answer 1

The period of time in which secondary sex characteristics grow
Accelerated body growth, rapid growth of the gonads, increased production of gonadal hormones

Question 2

What is secreted when Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone is released by the hypothalamus

Answer 2

Luteinizing hormone and Follicle stimulating hormone

Question 3

What secretes LH and FSH

Answer 3

Anterior pituitary gland

Question 4

What is the target tissue for both LH and FSH?

Answer 4

Gonads - ovaries and testes

Question 5

What do LH and FSH do?

Answer 5

Promoting growth and function of the gonads, stimulates production of gametes and reproductive hormones

Question 6

Estrogen

Answer 6

Growth of ovaries and secondary sex characteristics, stimulates fat deposition on hips, thighs, buttocks and breasts, stimulates GH = increase in height and pelvic widening, supresses FSH and LH

Question 7

Progesterone

Answer 7

Secreted by the Corpus Luteum in the ovaries to prepare for fertilization, supresses FSH and LH

Question 8

Inhibin

Answer 8

Supresses FSH

Question 9

Puberty in females (3 critical stages)

Answer 9

Thelarche = breast development
Pubarche = pubic and axillary hait growth
Menarche = 1st episode of menstrual bleeding

Question 10

What is a gamete

Answer 10

Sex cells (sperm cell or oocyte)

Question 11

When do females have the maximum amount of oocytes or eggs?

Answer 11

Birth to puberty

Question 12

Follicle development (4)

Answer 12

Primordial follicle -> Primary follicle -> secondary follicle (only some) -> Mature (Graafian) follicle

Question 13

What happens at ovulation

Answer 13

Secondary oocyte is released.

Pregnancy - Granulosa cell turns into Corpus Luteum, secretes small amounts of progesterone and estrogen, remains active throughout pregnancy

Not fertilized - Granulosa cells turn into Corpus Luteum and then Corpus Albicans after 10-12 days

Question 14

Phases of the menstrual cycle

Answer 14

Follicular phase (1-14) development of follicles,
Luteal phase (14-28) existence of the corpus luteum

Question 15

What day does ovulation occur

Answer 15

Mid-cycle day 14

Question 16

Menses

Answer 16

Period, after the cycle

Question 17

Where does FSH stimulate

Answer 17

Granulosa cells

Question 18

What does LH stimulate

Answer 18

Theca interna cells

Question 19

Mature follicles secrete what?

Answer 19

Inhibin which decreases FSH

Question 20

Increased estrogen occurs when

Answer 20

Close to ovulation, positive feedback occurs on LH and FSH which causes a surge in both. Ovulation occurs.

Question 21

After ovulation what happens to secretions?

Answer 21

Estrogen decreased, corpus luteum secretes progesterone which increases the levels. They are a negative feedback on GnRH which decrease LH and FSH

Question 22

Testosterone is responsible for:

Answer 22

Maturity of the male genitals
Sperm cell production
Hair growth
Skin to become rougher and darker
Increases Sebaceous gland secretion
Hypertrophy of the Larynx and change in voice
Simulates metabolism
Higher rate compared with females
Increases erythropoietin production = increase in RBC
Greater % of body weight is muscle mass compared with females
Rapid bone growth = increased height
Stimulates the ossification of epiphyseal plate = reach maximum
height quicker

Question 23

What is the differences in secretions among females and males?

Answer 23

Testosterone is secreted continuously and simultaneously where females have more cyclical and sequential secretion

Question 24

Stroke volume increases as we grow, what is the SV for pre adolescence, untrained adult male, trained aerobically

Answer 24

Pre adolescence = 40ml
Untrained adult male = 70-80ml
trained aerobically = 100-110ml

Question 25

Average cardiac output for adults at rest

Answer 25

5Lt/min