Week 7 Chapter 6 EXAM 2

Question 1

Language Development:
Symbols

Answer 1

-sets us apart from other species
-use symbols to represent our thoughts, feelings, and knowledge to communicate them to others

Question 2

By what age do most children master the basic structure of their native langauge

Answer 2

By 5 years old

Question 3

Language use requires Comprehension which refers to

Answer 3

understanding what others say

Question 4

Language use requires production which refers to

Answer 4

refers to speaking

Question 5

The Components of Language:
Explain what generative is

explain the wug example

Answer 5

using a finite set of words and our knowledge of the systematic ways in which those words can be combined we can generate an inite number of sentences, expressing an iniftinte number of ideas

example: sounds become words, words become sentences, sentences become stories and convoersations

-As English speakers we know that the plural of wug is wugs even though we have never seen the word before. This is becasue we have a knowledge of the systemic ways in which words can be combined or expressed.

Question 6

The Components of Language:
Phonemes definition

change in phoneme changes _____
example

Answer 6

smallest unit of meaningful sound

like /m/ for m would count as a phonenme

the meaning of the word
“rake and lake differ by one phoneme and mean compltely different things”

Question 7

Morphemes defintions and example(youtube this)

Answer 7

-smallest united of meaning in a language

-one or more phonemes

dog has one morpheme
dogs has two morpheme

Question 8

The Components of Language:
Syntax definition and example

Answer 8

Rules for combining words

refers to the permissible combinations of words from different categories( nouns, verbs, adjecctive)

example
Lila ate the lobtsser vs the obster ate lila

Question 9

The Components of Language:
Pragmatics

Answer 9

Knowledge about how language is used in a cultural context

It involves knowing how to appropriately use language in specific settings, relationships, and cultural environments to convey meaning and maintain social harmony.

Example: If someone asks, “Are you coming to the party?” and you reply, “I have a lot of work to do,” it implies you might not attend.

Question 10

All factors(Syntax, Morphemes, Phonemes) mentioned can also be applied to _____

Answer 10

Americcan Sign Language

Question 11

What Is Required for Language?:

A human brain is required for langauge

True or False

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What Is Required for Language?:
Language is species-specific and species-
universal. What do both of these mean?

Answer 12

Language is a species-­ specific behavior: only humans acquire language in the normal course of development. Furthermore, it is species-­universal: language learning is achieved by typically developing children across the globe.

Question 13

What Is Required for Language?:
No other animals naturally develop anything approaching the complexity or generativity of human language, even though they can communicate with one another.

Researchers have had limited success in training nonhuman primates to use human communicative systems.

______ became famous for their ability to

Answer 13

Washoe and Kanzie

communicate with their human trainers and caretakers using manual signs

Question 14

What Is Required for Language?
Nonhuman primate communicative systems:

Tell me about Kanzi, a great ape of the bonobo species.(Attempts at having animals communicate langauge)

Answer 14

Kanzi’s sign-­ learning began when he observed researchers trying to teach his mother to communicate using a lexigram board, a panel composed of graphic symbols representing specific objects and actions

He used his lexigram board to answer questions, to make requests, and even to offer comments.

He often combines symbols, but whether they can be considered syntactically structured sentences is not clear.

Question 15

What Is Required for Language?:
Nonprimate response to spoken language refers to what(Humans attempts at having animals communicate langauge)

An example of this

Answer 15

refers to how nonhuman, nonprimate animals respond to human speech or language cues.

Alex the parrot

Question 16

Hemispheric language learning differences:
What role does the left hemsiphere play?

Life long signers process signing with the ____. What about non life long signers

Answer 16

For the 90% of people who are right-­ handed, language is primarily represented and controlled by the left hemisphere.

left side;People who are non-signers do not do the same(means this applied to both spoken and signed languages)

-controlled by the left hemisphere emerges very early in life

Question 17

What Is Required for Language?
Sensitive period:
Explain the senstive period

After this period (which ends sometime between _____), language acquisition outcomes become ____.

Answer 17

A considerable body of evidence suggests that the early years constitute a sensitive period during which languages are learned relatively easily.

-age 5 and puberty

• less successful

Question 18

Evidence supporting “Sensitive Period”

Three of them

Answer 18

Genie was locked up until age 13 and her language ability never developed much beyond the level of a toddler’s:

Adults learning a new language typically struggle more with acquiring native-like grammar and pronunciation compared to children. This highlights the decreased neuroplasticity in the brain after the sensitive period.

The same is true for rare cases of individuals who were not exposed to their first language until after puberty— ­ typically, deaf individuals who did not receive signed language input early in life. Deaf individuals who are not exposed to sign language early in life often have more difficulty mastering it later.

Question 19

true or false

Possession of a human brain is not enough for language to develop. Children must also be exposed to other people using language— any language, signed or spoken

Answer 19

true

Question 20

From birth, infants show a preference for ____, which means they find it more _____

This is becasue of their exposure to ___

Answer 20

speech

interesting or significant than other types of sounds.

human speech

Question 21

Infant-directed speech (IDS) defined as what

What are some quaitlies of IDS

Is it universal?

Answer 21

adults adopt a distinctive mode of speech when talking to babies and toddlers, known as infant-­directed speech (IDS)

adults tend to speak with greater pitch variability, slower speech, shorter utterances, more word repetition, and more questions

No but it is common. Depends on the cutlure

Question 22

Two Languages Are Better Than One: Bilingual infants

When can learning start?

Infants exposed to two languages (bilingual environments) can discriminate sounds from both languages at the ___ __as infants learning only one language.

How many lingustistic systems are they building and what do they commonly use( does not reflect confusion)(it reflect trying to fill in the gaps with the other langauge)

Answer 22

Learning can start in the womb

same pace

Build two linguistic systems; code
switching

Question 23

Two Languages Are Better Than One: Bilingual infants

Children who are competent in two languages perform better on measures of ___ ___ than do monolingual children

Answer 23

cognitive control

Question 24

The Process of Language Acquisition

Language is acquired by _____

What are the three things that help children learn

Answer 24

listening and
speaking (or watching and signing).

Comprehension
○ Producing intelligible speech (or signs)
○ Paying attention to what other people
say or sign

Question 25

Speech Perception:
prosody defintion

Why is it so important? (Name two)

Answer 25

Prosody refers to the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech.

Why is it so important?
-Expressing Emotion and Tone: Prosody helps convey emotions like happiness, sadness, or sarcasm.

Clarifying Meaning: It helps listeners understand the intent behind the speaker’s words. For example, “You’re coming, right?” versus “You’re coming, right.”

Differences in prosody are in large part responsible for why languages sound so different from one another. ex japense frnehc etc

Question 26

Categorical Perception of Speech
Sounds:
Categorical perception definition and the b and p example

Answer 26

The perception of speech sounds as belonging to discrete categories

Each sound has its own category basically

For example:

In speech, sounds like /b/ and /p/ are perceived as two distinct sounds, even if they vary slightly in how they are produced (e.g., slight differences in voice onset time). We don’t perceive them as a range of similar sounds but as separate categories of sound, like “b” and “p.”

Question 27

Speech Perception:
Voice onset time
(VOT)

and an example

Answer 27

The length of time between when air passes through the lips
and when the vocal cords start vibrating

(Try saying “ba” and “pa” alternately several times, with your hand on your throat, and you will likely experience this difference in VOT.)

Question 28

Word Segmentation:
What is Word
segmentation

Answer 28

The process of discovering where words begin and end in fluent speech

Infants have to figure out where the spoken words start and end.

Question 29

Speech Perception:
Explain Distributional
properties

Answer 29

The phenomenon that, in any language, certain sounds are
more likely to appear together than are others

Question 30

Preparation for Production: Babbling

Definition

What do deaf childrne do?

When does babbling happen?

Answer 30

Producing syllables repeated in strings
■ “Pa,” “ba,” “ma”

Deaf children mimic sign langauge with their hands

Produced during early phases of
language development

Question 31

Preparation for Production: Early interactions and babbling

What are some social interactions learned from parent– infant games like peekaboo and “give and take”

Answer 31

In regular conversation there is someone talking and listening. They usually alternative position through out the conv.

Learning to take turns in social interactions is facilitated by parent– ­infant i games, such as peekaboo and “give and take,” in which caregiver and baby take turns giving and receiving objects

Question 32

Preparation for Production: Early interactions and babbling

Caregivers’ responses to babbling may serve a similar function. Consistent with our active learning theme, infant babbling evokes _____

Answer 32

a range of parental responses that in turn may help the infant learn

Question 33

Preparation for Production: Early interactions and babbling

Babbling also provides a signal that the infant is

Answer 33

attentive and ready to learn.

Question 34

Successful communication required:

successful communication also requires intersubjectivity, in which is _____

The foundation of intersubjectivity is joint attention, in which the _____

Answer 34

refers to the shared understanding or mutual recognition between two or more people about an object, event, or experience.(more about understanding and focusing on an obejct)

Joint attention refers to the shared focus of two individuals on an object or event(just the focusing and not the undertsanding)

Question 35

First Words:

Early word recognition
is when they

Infant word understanding exceeds word production
Give me an example of this and Parental underestimation

Answer 35

they associate words with meanings

A when daddy or mommy was said the baby would look at the correct person but can not say it. Parents thought there baby did not know these words because they under estimate how much the baby knows

Question 36

First Words:

Older children can also use context to help them recognize words. For example(gender example)…?

Answer 36

toddlers who are learning a language ­ that has a grammatical gender system (like Spanish or French) can use the gender of the article preceding the noun to speed their recognition of the noun itself

“El gato” (the cat, masculine) – Here, “el” is the masculine article, which helps the child quickly identify that the noun “gato” is masculine and refers to a male cat or a cat in general.

Question 37

First Words:
Around what months is Early word production?

After children leanr there first words, reaching a productive vocab of 50 words or so. What does Productive vocabulary mean?

What does their productive vocab usually contain

Answer 37

(10-15 months)

refers to the set of words a person can actively use in speaking or writing.

References to family members, pets,
important objects

Question 38

First Words: Overextension definition and example

Answer 38

an overly broad interpretation of the meaning of a word

“Dog” for any four-legged animal

Question 39

Underextension

Answer 39

an overly narrow interpretation of the meaning of a word

■ “Dog” only refers to household pet
and not other dogs

Question 40

First Words
● Word learning

The most important way that caregivers influence word learning is by ___

As we discuss in Box 6.2, the amount and quality of talking that children hear predicts ____

Answer 40

talking to their children.

of talking that children hear predicts how many words they learn.

Question 41

First Words: Maintaining spatial consistency refers to what?

Contextual influences
Childern find the word meaning by paying attention to the____ in which the words are used. Give an example of this

The example would be the modi example

Answer 41

refers to the idea that objects or features remain stable in a specific location or arrangement over time will help children learn the name of those obejcts

Childern find the word meaning by paying attention to the social contexts in which the words are used.
Experimter looked at a box and said this is a modi in here. And when he asked for the box witha modi in it and the kid gave him the box he had more attention on

Question 42

Language Development and Socioeconomic
Status:

How do SES(Socioeconomic Status)-related differences impact child development?(name three)

Answer 42

SES-related differences affect:

Amount of parental input
Quality of input (e.g., language richness, complexity)
Physical environment, including school context

Question 43

First Words:

Four ways children help themsleves learn new words(FIRST WAY)(blinket example)

Does this apply to bilingual infants?

Answer 43

Mutual exclusivity is a strategy young children use to learn new words. It’s based on the assumption that every object has one unique label. If they hear a new word, they naturally infer that it refers to something they don’t already have a name for.

Here’s an example:
A child is shown two objects—a ball (which they already know) and a novel object they’ve never seen before. When an adult says, “Look at the blicket,” the child assumes the new word blicket refers to the unfamiliar object, not the ball, because they already have a name for the ball.

may not apply as strongly or consistently as it does for monolingual infant

Question 44

First Words:

What are some childrens contribution to learning new words?

Four ways children help themsleves learn(Second Way)

Answer 44

Making whole-object assumption

It means that when a child hears a new word while looking at an unfamiliar object, they assume the word refers to the entire object, not just a part of it or its specific features.

Question 45

First Words:

What are some childrens contribution to learning new words?

Four ways children help themsleves learn(Third and Fourth Way)

Exploiting pragmatic cues from social
contexts(modi example)

Labeling objects and using object shapes

Explain both

Answer 45

Exploiting pragmatic cues from social
contexts

Children try to find word meaning by paying attention to the social contexts in which the words are used.

Example
In Baldwin’s (1993) study, 18-month-olds were shown two novel objects, which were then hidden in separate containers. The experimenter looked into one container and said, “There’s a modi in here,” then gave both objects to the child. When asked to identify the modi, the children chose the object the experimenter had looked at while labeling it.

○ Labeling objects and using object shapes

If an adult’s labeling of an object conflicts with a child’s knowledge of that object, they will nevertheless accept the label if the adult clearly used it intentionally

Question 46

Babies: Technology and Language Learning

Passive viewing
does _____

● Only acceptable
screentime for
children under 2:
____

● Need for technology
___

Answer 46

not appear to
support learning

Live video chat

limitation

Question 47

First Words:

Cross-situational word learning and an example

Answer 47

is a process where children learn the meaning of words by tracking how they are used across different situations. Even if the meaning of a word isn’t clear in a single instance, children can piece it together by observing patterns over time.

For example, if a child hears the word “dog” in different contexts—while seeing a dog in the park, a picture of a dog, or a stuffed animal—they can figure out that “dog” refers to the animal by noticing the common element in each situation. This strategy helps children build their vocabulary even when direct explanations aren’t provided.

Question 48

First Words:
Syntactic bootstrapping defintion and example

Answer 48

is a strategy that helps children learn the meanings of new words by using the grammar, or sentence structure, surrounding the word as a clue.

Here’s how it works:
When children encounter a word they don’t know—especially a verb—they pay attention to how it’s used in a sentence. For example:

“The boy is daxing the ball.” (The sentence structure suggests daxing is an action the boy is doing to the ball.)
“The boy is daxing.” (Here, daxing likely refers to something the boy is doing on his own, without involving another object.)
By noticing these patterns, children can infer whether the new word describes an action, a relationship, or a state, even if they don’t fully understand the word yet. This helps them learn new vocabulary in context.

Question 49

Putting Words Together:
By the end of the ____, children begin combining words into simple sentences

Give me two examples

Answer 49

2nd year
e.g., “Want toy,” “Mommy go”).

Question 50

Telegraphic speech and an example

Answer 50

Telegraphic speech is an early stage of language development where children form short, simple sentences using only essential words (nouns, verbs, sometimes adjectives), omitting smaller words like articles and prepositions.

Examples:

“Want toy” instead of “I want the toy.”
“Daddy go work” instead of “Daddy is going to work.”

Question 51

Putting Words Together
● Grammar:

Recognize patterns and
generalize to novel words
An exmaple of children doign this would be what?(wug example)

Answer 51

“this is a Wug”

“Now there is two. There are two __”

Children are able to answer this because they are able to recongnize patterns in grammer

Question 52

Overregularization definition

Answer 52

is a language development phenomenon where children apply grammatical rules to words that are exceptions or irregular.
■ “I goed there”

Question 53

Private speech deinition and example

Answer 53

Speech directed to self, rather than
another person (Vygotsky)

For example, a child assembling a puzzle might say, “This piece goes here… no, not there… maybe here.” This self-talk helps them plan, regulate their behavior, and stay focused.

Question 54

Collective monologues

Answer 54

refer to a type of conversation often seen between young children where they take turns speaking, but their statements don’t actually connect or build on each other’s ideas.

For example:

Child 1: “I have a red truck at home.”
Child 2: “I went to the park yesterday.”

Question 55

What are narratives, and when do children typically begin producing them?

Answer 55

Narratives are descriptions of past events that follow the basic structure of a story (with a beginning, middle, and end).

Children typically begin producing narratives by age 5

Question 56

Conversational Skills:
Pragmatic development

definition and example

Answer 56

refers to the process by which children learn the social rules and conventions for using language effectively in different contexts. It involves understanding not just what to say, but how, when, and to whom to say it.

Taking turns in conversation
Understanding and using gestures, tone of voice, and facial expressions

Question 57

Conversational Skills
●One factor of Pragmatic development is

-Conversational perspective-taking

Which is what and an example

Answer 57

This refers to the ability to consider the other person’s knowledge, beliefs, and perspective during a conversation. It helps children tailor their speech to make it more relevant and understandable to their listener.

For example, if a child knows that their listener is unfamiliar with a particular toy, they might provide more detail: “It’s my blue truck that lights up.”

Question 58

Later Development:
What language skills develop beyond ages 5 or 6?
Four things

Answer 58

Language skills that develop after age 5 include:

Improved conversation skills (e.g., staying on topic, understanding others’ perspectives)

Mastery of complex grammar

Appreciation of multiple meanings of words (e.g., understanding puns or jokes)

Better comprehension of written and spoken language

Question 59

Approximate vocabulary achieved by age
6-year-olds: ___
○ 5th-graders: __
○ College students: ___

Answer 59

10,000 words

40,000 words

150,000 words

Question 60

Chomsky and the Nativist View:

Noam Chomsky countered Skinner’s
behaviorism and proposed

He proposed set of highly abstract, unconscious
rules which are( three of them)

Answer 60

humans are born
with universal grammar.

Rules of grammar
○ Many surface differences in languages
○ Similar underlying structures in all
languages

Question 61

Ongoing Debates in Language Development:

How do nature and nurture contribute to language development?

Answer 61

Nature: Innate abilities, such as biological predisposition for language (e.g., Universal Grammar).

Nurture: Environmental influence, including parent-child communication and exposure to language.

Overlap:
For instance, while a child may have a genetic inclination for language learning, the richness of the linguistic environment (nurture) can influence how fully these abilities are realized.

Question 62

Ongoing Debates in Language
Development:

What are the ongoing debates in language development?

Two debates

Answer 62

Key debate: Is language learning domain-specific or domain-general?

Domain-specific:

Cognitive abilities are highly specialized for language.
Unique mechanisms support rapid word learning.
Domain-general:

Language learning relies on broader cognitive functions used in other areas, like memory and pattern recognition.

Question 63

What do gestures tell us about language development?

Gestures predict later vocabulary size:

Answer 63

Gestures predict later vocabulary size: More gestures = larger vocabularies.

Research insights:
Deaf children create gesture-based communication.
Nicaraguan Sign Language (NSL): Emerged spontaneously among deaf individuals.
Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language (ABSL): Developed naturally in an isolated community.
Gestures show how language can emerge and evolve through non-verbal communication.

Question 64

Individual Differences
Developmental Language Disorders

What are some developmental language disorders associated with individual differences?
Three of them

Answer 64

Developmental language disorders vary across individuals and can include:

Down syndrome: Delayed language development, especially in grammar and syntax.

Fragile-X syndrome: Language impairments, often linked to intellectual disability.

Autism spectrum disorder: Challenges in communication, including social language use and understanding nonverbal cues.

Question 65

About ___ of deaf children are born to
hearing parents

What does this mean for the deaf children?

Answer 65

90%

○ Lack access to sign language
○ Cochlear implants.

Question 66

What is the primary function of nonlinguistic symbols in development?

and give examples

Answer 66

Nonlinguistic symbols provide useful information and help children understand and navigate the world. Examples include:

Maps
Graphs
Pictures

Question 67

Nonlinguistic Symbols and Development

What is dual representation in the context of nonlinguistic symbols and development?

Answer 67

Dual representation refers to the ability to understand a symbolic artifact (e.g., a map or model) as both an object in itself and a representation of something else.

Young children struggle with dual representation because they often focus on the object’s physical properties rather than its symbolic meaning.
They may also struggle with self-symbols, such as recognizing themselves in photos or mirrors.

Question 68

How do drawing and writing develop as symbolic activities?

Specically what happens at ages 2 and 4

Answer 68

2½ years:
Artistic impulses emerge as simplified scribbles.

Around 4 years:
Children begin to understand the difference between writing and drawing, recognizing that writing represents specific language concepts, while drawing represents visual imagery.

Question 69

What are key features of children’s early drawing and writing development?

Answer 69

Creating pictures is often accompanied by narratives explaining the drawing.
Early drawings of people typically take a “tadpole” form, with a large head and simple lines for arms and legs.