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Child Pysch > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Reasons to Learn About Child Development

A

Raising children, Choosing social policies, Understanding human nature

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2
Q

Reasons to Learn About Child Development
-Raising children

A

Help parents and teachers rear and educate
children

ex spanking children wrong = provides alternatives

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3
Q

Reasons to Learn About Child Development
-Choosing social policies

A

to make informed decisions about social polices, need to understand child development

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4
Q

Reasons to Learn About Child Development
-Understand human nature

A

Provides insight into questions regarding human nature

ex. when does learning start
detrimental affects of childhood abuse

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5
Q

The Romanian Adoption Study
Explain it

A

-Grew up with lack physical contact, malnutrition

-They compare children adopted before and after 6 months

-after 6 months, lower weight, lower smart, low social

-lower brain activity in the prefrontal cortex amygdala

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6
Q

The Romanian Adoption Study:
prefrontal cortex amygdala

A

Brain area involved in emotional reaction

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7
Q

What were the goals of old philosophers (similar to new thinkers)

A

Goals were to be better parents, improve wellbeing of the kids, understand human nature

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8
Q

Early Views of Child Development
Ideas of Plato and Aristotle
Similarities and differences

A

Both agreed society depended on children being raised well

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9
Q

Early Views of Child Development
Ideas of Plato and Aristotle
Plato ideas

A

-emphasized self control and disciplined
-children are born w/ innate knowledge
ex able to disgush human vs animals.

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10
Q

Early Views of Child Development
Ideas of Plato and Aristotle
Aristotle Ideas

A

-Child raising should be based on individual needs
-Knowledge comes from experience
ex children are born with no knowledge

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11
Q

Later Philosophers: Early Views of Child Development
Jean-Jacques Rousseau Ideas

A

Parents and society should give children maximum freedom since the beginning

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12
Q

Later Philosophers: Early Views of Child Development
John Locke

A

-Children are blank slate
-Instill discipline first, then increase child’s freedom

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13
Q

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
What did darwin develop?What was his proposal

A

Developed baby biography(documents early life; milestones etc.) first way to study children

-Proposed theory that evolution influences research in modern child development
ex sex difference, attachment to mothers

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14
Q

Social Reform Movements
what was happening in the Industrial Revolution

A

Children worked in coal mines and
factories
-Affected them for years

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15
Q

Social reform movement Definition

A

established first child labor laws

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16
Q

How Do Nature and Nurture Together Shape
Development?
Give definition of both

A

Nurture = environment
Nature/genome = individual’s complete set of
hereditary information

All human charactistics are created through interaction of genes and environment

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17
Q

The active child
Explain it and what are the most important contributors in the first years

A

Child shape their own development through childhood

Most important contributors in their first years are:
-Who and what they chose to pay attention too
-Use of language
-Who and what they decide to play with or what

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18
Q

The Active Child: How do children shape their
own development?
Newborns

A

They have selective attention to things that move and make sound

They pay particular attention to mothers face

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19
Q

The Active Child: How do children shape their
own development?
Toddlers

A

They are activity trying to learn a language by themsleves.

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20
Q

The Active Child: How do children shape their
own development?
Older Children

A

They are involved in controled play which includes controlling emotions, adhereing to rules and etc

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20
Q

The Active Child: How do children shape their
own development?
Young Children

A

What types of fantasy play they engage with

21
Q

Continuity and Discontinuity
Discontinuous Development
What is it and who believed in it

A

-large occasional shifts
-sudden
-Piaget, Freud and erikson were stage theorists

22
Q

Continuity and Discontinuity
Continuous Development

A

-occur gradually in small increments
-developments occurs skill by skill and task by task

23
Q

Piaget’s Conservation-of-Liquid
Quantity Problem
What is it and what does it prove

A

It was when you have two glasses the same size and then you pour one of the liquids into a taller glass and ask the child if its the same amount of water

Children at 4 believe its not the same amount but children at 6 do

Example of discontinues development

24
Q

How does change occur?

A

It occurs because of the interaction between genome and environment determines what and when changes occur

25
Q

How does change occur?
Effortful attention
What is it and example

Its a mechanism to trigger change because it ____

A

Voluntary control of emotions and thoughts
example: not crying when you dont get ur way

Its a mechanism to trigger change because it exterting effortful attention that can change behavioral problems and etc

26
Q

How Does the Sociocultural Context Influence Development?
What is social cultural context?

A

Physical, social, cultural, historical circumstances

-influences every aspect of children development

27
Q

Cultural Comparisons
Cross-culture: sleeping arrangements
Within-culture: socioeconomic status
Examples of both

A

Most infants sleep alone in US
other countries they don’t

Access to services, support, quality of education, healthy food etc

28
Q

Socioeconomic Status and Development
cumulative risk definition and obstacle

A

cumulative risk (The accumulation of these disadvantages over years of development)

seems to be the greatest obstacle for poor children

29
Q

Socioeconomic Status and Development
Resilient

Resilient children overcome the ____

A

Resilient children overcome the obsatcles of poverty

30
Q

How Do Children Become So Different
from One Another?

A

Genetic differences

Difference treatment by parents and Others

Different experiences and environments

31
Q

How Can Research Promote Children’s
Well-Being?

A

diagnosing and decreasing children’s problems
-more valid child eyewitness testimony, educational innovations anger mamangemnt programs

32
Q

Methods for Studying Child Development(Name two)

A

Scientifit method
Research designs

33
Q

The Scientific Method definition

A

An approach to testing beliefs

34
Q

Key criteria in creating good research (Three of them)

A

-Reliability
* Validity
* Replicability

35
Q

Key criteria in creating good research
Reliability

Interrater reliability definition

A

Independent measurements are
consistent

refers to the reproducibility of measurement between two or more investigators.

36
Q

Key criteria in creating good research
Test–retest reliability:

A

Degree of similarity of a child’s performance on two or more occasions

example testing kids on vocab test a week apart
the kids who scored high should score high again, if everything was the same as last time

37
Q

Key criteria in creating good research
Validity

A

it tests if its measuring what its suppose to be measuring

38
Q

Key criteria in creating good research
Internal validity:

External validity:

A

observed results represent truth in population studied

can results be generalized beyond the research in question

39
Q

Key criteria in creating good research
Replicability

What is the replicaition crisis

A

If you can replicate the study and get the same results

Psychology have proven difficult to replicate.

40
Q

Contexts for Gathering Data About Children
Interviews and questionnaires
Structured interviews:

Clinical interviews:

Questionnaires:

A

all participants asked the same questions

questions adjusted based on answers provided

uniform set of questions

41
Q

Contexts for Gathering Data About Children
Naturalistic observation

Structured observation

A

Examining children’s behaviors but in an controlled environment

Method that presents identical situations
to each child and records child’s behavior

42
Q

Correlation and Causation
An important goal of research is to

A

An important goal of research is to determine how variable are related to one another through
-Associations
-Cause-effect relations

43
Q

Correlational Designs
How are two variables______?

Variables definition

A

How are two variables related to each
other?

Attributes that vary across individuals and situations( age and gender example)

44
Q

Correlational Designs
Correlation

A

Association between two variables

Range from 1.00 (strongest positive
correlation) to −1.00 (strongest negative
correlation)

45
Q

Correlation Does Not Equal Causation
Why?

A

It could be influenced by a third variable you don’t know about

46
Q

Experimental designs:
What is it and its charactersitcs?

A

a group of approaches that allow inferences about causes and effects to be drawn

Random assignment of participants to groups(both experimental/control)
Experimental group is presented with treatment and control group isnt

47
Q

Research Designs for Examining
Children’s Development
Cross-sectional design

A

Children of different ages are compared on a given behavior over a short period of time

48
Q

Research Designs for Examining
Children’s Development
Longitudinal design

A

Same children are studied twice or more over a substantial lenght of time

49
Q

Research Designs for Examining
Children’s Development
Microgenetic designs

A

Same children are studied
repeatedly over a short period.

Child Pysch (15 decks)

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