Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Child Pysch > Chatper 2 > Flashcards

Chatper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Prenatal Development
Ideas of development _____

  • Used to believe individual was ___
  • Aristotle argued for ____
A

changed over time

pre-formed

epigenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Prenatal Development
Epigenesis

A

the process by which plants, animals and fungi develop from a seed through a sequence of steps in which organs form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Conception
Gametes (germ cells)(What is it)

Contain half the ______

A

reproductive cells
(egg and sperm)

Contain half the genetic material of all
other cells in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Conception
Meiosis definition

___ chromosomes from mother and ___
chromosomes from father

A

a type of cell division that produces gametes, or sex cells, like eggs and sperm

23,23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Conception definition

Zygote:

A

the union of an egg from the mother
and a sperm from the father; fertilization

a fertilized egg cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Developmental Processes
______ that transform a zygote to embryo to fetus

name them

A

Four developmental processes that transform a zygote to embryo to fetus

*Mitosis
* Cell migration
* Cell differentiation
* Apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Developmental Processes
Mitosis

A

Cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Developmental Processes
Cell migration

A

Newly formed cells move away from point of origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Developmental Processes
Cell differentiation

A

Cells start to specialize in structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Developmental Processes
Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death
Genetically programmed cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Developmental Processes
Role of Apoptosis:

A

Fetal hand plate
* Cell death needed for
development of hand to
create ridges for fingers to
separate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Brief Overview of Prenatal Development
1 week: Zygote travels to ___
2-3 weeks: Embryo forms ___

A

Week 1: Zygote travels to womb to begin embryo formation
Week 2-3: Embryo forms nervous system, skin, neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Brief Overview of Prenatal Development 13-24 weeks
25-38 weeks

A

Week 13-24: Basic facial expressions; fetal movements
Weeks 25-38: Fetus size triples; brain and lungs develop; visual/auditory systems functional; fetus capable of learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Early Development: Support System
Neural tube:

A

a groove formed in the top layer of
differentiated cells
* Eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Early Development: Support System
Amniotic sac:

A

a transparent, fluid-filled membrane
* Surrounds and protects the fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Early Development: Support System
Placenta:

A

a support organ for the fetus
* Permits exchange of materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Early Development: Support System
Umbilical cord:

A

a tube containing the blood
vessels connecting the fetus and placenta
* Nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Early Development: Support System
Cephalocaudal:

A

areas near head develop earlier than those farther away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Early Development: Support System
Androgens:
class of ___ that include
___

A

class of hormones that include
testosterone

-Sex differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Early Development
Identical (monozygotic) twins
How it occurs and what genes they have

A

Twins that result from the splitting in half of the zygote

Each of the two resulting zygotes have exactly same set of
genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Early Development
Fraternal (dizygotic) twins
How it happens, what its fertilized by and what their genes look like

A
  • Twins that result when two eggs happen to release in fallopian tubes at the same time
  • Fertilized by two different sperm
  • Fraternal twins have only half their genes in common
22
Q

Fetal Experience and Behavior
Movement

When does it begin? Examples of movement

A

Begins 5 to 6 weeks after conception

  • Emergence of hiccups, swallowing
  • Movement of limbs, fingers
  • Respiratory readiness for breathing independently after birth
23
Q

Fetal Experience and Behavior
Behavioral cycles

Rest–activity cycles; alternates between periods of _____

Circadian rhythm apparent(the natural ________that occur in the body

A

Rest–activity cycles; alternates between periods of rest and activity

  • Circadian rhythm apparent(the natural 24-hour cycle of physical, mental, and behavioral changes that occur in the body
24
Q

Fetal Experience: Senses
Sight

Touch

Taste

A

Minimal

Contact with parts of the body; grasping
umbilical cord, rubbing face, sucking thumb

  • Can detect flavors in amniotic fluid
25
Q

Fetal Experience: Senses
Smell

Hearing

A
  • Amniotic fluid takes on odor from what mother eats
  • Responds to various sounds from at least 6
    months
26
Q

Fetal Experience: Senses
Phylogenetic continuity:

A

humans share characteristics and developmental processes with
nonhuman animals

27
Q

Fetal Learning
Habituation Definition

DisHabituation

A

Decrease in response to
repeated/continued
stimulation

New interest occurs after
noticeable change in stimulus

28
Q

Hazards to Prenatal Development
Sensitive period

A

When certain type of development is most likely

particularly susceptible to environmental influence

29
Q

Hazards to Prenatal Development
Miscarriage

__ of U.S. clinically recognized pregnancies end in miscarriage.

At least __% to possibly as high as ___% of
women experience at least one miscarriage.

A
  • 15% of U.S. clinically recognized pregnancies end in miscarriage.
  • At least 25% to possibly as high as 50% of
    women experience at least one miscarriage.
30
Q

Teratogens
Teratogen defintion

Dose–response relation

A

Potentially harmful agent

The more exposure, the more at risk the fetus becomes.

31
Q

Teratogens
Sleeper effect:

A

impact of a given agent may not be apparent
for many years

32
Q

Hazards to Prenatal Development
Three examples

A

Marijuana
Nicotine
Alcohol

33
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
What is it and how to reduce it

A

Infant 1 year of age or less dies suddenly and
unexpectedly with no cause

No smoking
Breastfeeding
Using firm bedding

34
Q

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

A

Mother’s alcohol consumption
during pregnancy affects fetus

facial deformities,
intellectual disabilities, attention
problems,

35
Q

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
Fetal alcohol effects, or FAE:

A

when infant has some but not all effects of
FASD

36
Q

Hazards to Prenatal Development
Environmental pollutants

A

Air and water pollution
Lead (dose–response relationship)
Mircoplastics

37
Q

Maternal Factors
Age

A

Infant mortality rate high for teen mothers 15
years or younger

Women delaying pregnancies until their 30s or
40s risk infertility

38
Q

Maternal Factors
Nutrition
General malnutrition of mother affects ___; later ____

A

General malnutrition of mother affects growth of fetal brain; later cognitive impairments

39
Q

Maternal Factors
Maternal emotional state
High maternal stress leads_____ linked to ___

A

High maternal stress leads to increased stress
hormone levels
* Linked to behavior problems in children

40
Q

Fetal programming

A

The theory that environmental factors during fetal development can have a long-term impact on an individual’s health.

41
Q

Diversity of Childbirth Practices
All cultures pursue dual goals which is

Childbirth practices vary ___

A

All cultures pursue dual goals.
-Survival and health of mother and
baby

Childbirth practices vary across cultures.

42
Q

Diversity of Childbirth Practices
Cesarean (C-section):

A

surgical delivery of baby when birth complications arise

43
Q

The Newborn Infant
A healthy baby interacts with
______
Two examples

this is influnced by what

A

A healthy baby interacts with
environment right away
* Explores and learns

State of Arousal

44
Q

State of Arousal can range from what to what and how many are there

A
  • Ranging from deep sleep
    to intense activity

six stages of arousal

45
Q

Six Stages of Arousal
Sleep
* Newborns sleep ___ as
much as adults

  • ___ throughout
    childhood
A
  • Newborns sleep twice as
    much as adults
  • Declines throughout
    childhood
46
Q

Six Stages of Arousal
Rapid eye movement (REM)
sleep:
* ______ under closed eyelids

A

active sleep state

  • Quick movements
    under closed eyelids
47
Q

Six Stages of Arousal
Non-REM sleep:

  • Absence of _____ movements
  • More _____ brain waves, breathing,
    and heart rate
A

quiet or deep sleep state

  • Absence of motor
    activity or eye
    movements
  • More regular, slower
    brain waves, breathing,
    and heart rate
48
Q

Six Stages of Arousal
Crying
Why do they cry?

  • Peaks around ___ weeks of age,
    and decreases around ___ months
    of age.
A

Attention, illness, pain, hunger

Peaks around 6–8 weeks of age,
and decreases around 3–4 months
of age.

49
Q

State of Arousal
Colic:

A

excessive, inconsolable crying by a young infant for no apparent reason

50
Q

Infant mortality occurs when the most

Average newborn birth wieght

A

Death during the first year after birth

7½ pounds

51
Q

Premature (preterm) babies:
born at ___ weeks after conception

A

born at 37 weeks after conception;
small for gestational age

Child Pysch (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions