Chapter 13 Flashcards
Play
What is play?
Play refers to activities that children engage in for their enjoyment.
Play
What are the four benefits to play?
○ Learning and practicing empathy
○ Fostering cognitive and language
development
○ Enhancing motor development and skills
○ Promoting emotion regulation and
increasing positive emotions
Individual Differences: The Development of
Social Play
Non-social types of play
Name all three
Unoccupied play
Onlooker play
Solitary play
Individual Differences: The Development of
Social Play: Non-social types of play
What is unoccupied play?
Unoccupied play occurs when a child watches their environment but does not engage in any specific activity.
Individual Differences: The Development of
Social Play: Non-social types of play
What is onlooker play?
Onlooker play is when a child observes other children playing but does not participate.
Individual Differences: The Development of
Social Play: Non-social types of play
What is solitary play?
Solitary play happens when a child plays alone without interacting or observing others.
Individual Differences: The Development of
Social Play: Social types of play
What is parallel play?
Parallel play is when children play beside each other, but they don’t interact or share their activities directly.
Individual Differences: The Development of
Social Play: Social types of play
What is associative play?
Associative play involves children playing in a common activity, sharing materials, but not necessarily coordinating their actions.
Individual Differences: The Development of
Social Play: Social types of play
Cooperative play:
play with others in organized
activity with a goal
Friendships
Who are considered peers?
Peers are people of approximately the same age and status.
Friendships
Who are friends?
Friends are peers with whom individuals have intimate, reciprocated, and positive relationships.
Children’s Choice of Friends
At what age do children start forming friendships?
By or before age 2.
Children’s Choice of Friends
How do children define friendships by ages 3-4?
By making and maintaining friendships.
Children’s Choice of Friends
How do children define friendships by ages 6-8?
Based on shared activities.
Children’s Choice of Friends
What is the role of friendships in adolescence?
Friendships are used as a context for self-exploration.
Children’s Choice of Friends
What factors lead to changes in friendships as children grow?
Ability to take others’ perspectives.
Differences in how children think and express their ideas.
The Role of Technology in Friendships
How has technology influenced peer interactions?
Online social media, instant messaging, and texting play an important role in peer interactions.
The Role of Technology in Friendships
What are some benefits of electronic communication in friendships?
Greater anonymity.
Less emphasis on physical appearance.
More control over interactions.
Easier to find similar peers.
24/7 access and it’s enjoyable.
The Role of Technology in Friendships
What is the rich-get-richer hypothesis regarding technology use?
It suggests that the Internet is most beneficial to those already skilled in using it.
The Role of Technology in Friendships
What does the social-compensation hypothesis propose about online communication?
It benefits lonely and socially anxious youths more than face-to-face communication.
The Role of Technology in Friendships
In contrast, How can high levels of Internet use for entertainment impact mental health?
It may predict an increase in anxiety and depression.
Effects of Friendships on Psychological
Functioning and Behavior
How do friendships provide support during lonely or difficult times?(three things)
They offer validation and help children cope with periods of transition involving peers.
They serve as a buffer against negative experiences.
Social skills develop and the ability to form positive relationships with others.
Bullying
What does bullying often result from?
Which gender is more likely to be bullied?
A power imbalance between individuals
Girls are more likely to be bullied than boys.
Bullying
What influences bullying?
What are the negative effects of bullying?
A range of individual and social factors.
It leads to emotional, social, and sometimes academic difficulties for the victim.
Cyberbullying
What is cyberbullying?
Repeated and intentional harassment or mistreatment of someone through digital devices like cell phones, computers, and tablets.
Cyberbullying
Who is more likely to experience cyberbullying, boys or girls?
What type of interventions can address cyberbullying?
Girls are more likely than boys to be cyberbullied.
School-based interventions.
Measurement of Peer Status
What does sociometric status measure?
Sociometric status measures how much children are liked or disliked by their peer group.
Measurement of Peer Status
What are the five groups used to classify children based on sociometric status?
Popular
Rejected
Neglected
Average
Controversial
Popular Status
How are popular children rated by their peers?
Popular children are rated as highly liked, accepted, and impactful by their peers.
Popular Status
What social traits do popular children tend to display?
Popular children are cooperative, friendly, sociable, helpful, and sensitive to others.
Popular Status
How do popular children regulate their emotions?
Are popular children always the most likable?(empahize on the aggression)
Popular children regulate their emotions well, which contributes to their social acceptance.
No, popular children are not necessarily the most likable, as some may use aggression to achieve their goals.
Rejected Status
What are the two categories of rejected children?
The two categories of rejected children are aggressive-rejected and withdrawn-rejected.
Rejected Status
What are the characteristics of aggressive-rejected children?
Aggressive-rejected children are prone to physical aggression, disruptive behavior, delinquency
Rejected Status
How are withdrawn-rejected children typically described?
Withdrawn-rejected children are socially withdrawn, wary, and often timid.
Neglected, Controversial, Average Status
How are neglected children characterized?
Neglected children are neither liked nor disliked; they are unnoticed and less sociable and less disruptive than average children.
Neglected, Controversial, Average Status
What are the characteristics of controversial children?
Controversial children are liked and disliked by many peers and have characteristics of both popular and unpopular children.
Neglected, Controversial, Average Status
How are average children rated by their peers?
Average children receive moderate ratings on impact and preference.
The Role of Parents in Children’s Peer
Relationships
Parents influence peer relationships directly through ____and ____, and _____.
monitoring and coaching, and indirectly through their interactions with their children.
Parents’ Strategies for Shaping Peer
Relationships
What is monitoring in the context of shaping children’s peer relationships?
Monitoring involves orchestrating and overseeing children’s interactions with peers, such as deciding who they interact with and how much time they spend with them.
Parents’ Strategies for Shaping Peer
Relationships
What is coaching in the context of shaping children’s peer relationships?
Coaching involves teaching children strategies for gaining entry into peer groups, including making suggestions for what to say.
Relations Between Attachment and
Competence with Peers
How does secure attachment promote competence with peers?(four things)
Develop positive social expectations
○ Are confident, enthusiastic, and friendly
○ Have high-quality long friendships; popular
with peers
Relations Between Attachment and
Competence with Peers
What are the difficulties with peer relationships associated with insecure attachment?(four things)
-Get hostile and perceive others as hostile
○ Are not happy with peers
○ Express less sympathy and prosocial
behavior
○ Have poor conflict-resolution skills
