Chapter 3 Flashcards
Genome
Gene synthesis
Humans have how many genes
Complete set of organisms genes
Method for producing DNA
20,000
Nature and Nurture
Genotype
Phenotype
Inherited genetic material
Observed expression of genotype (e.g.,
body characteristics, behavior)
What are the Five Fundamental Relations that contribute to development
- Parents’ genetic contribution to children’s genotypes
- The contribution of children’s genotypes to their own
phenotypes - The contribution of children’s environments to their
phenotypes - The influence of children’s phenotypes on their environments
- The influence of children’s environments on their genotypes
Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 1
Parents’ genotype–child’s genotype
Involves transmission _____
Involves transmission of genetic material
from parent to offspring
Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 1
Parents’ genotype–child’s genotype
Chromosomes: ___ of ___
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid):Carries all ___
Gene:Basic___
Chromosomes: molecules of DNA
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): Carries
all biochemical instructions
Gene: Basic unit of heredity
Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 1
Parents’ genotype–child’s genotype
Diversity and individuality happen due to:
Name four and definition
Random Assortment: egg and sperm
* Crossing over: sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to another
* Mutation: a change in a section of DNA
* Sex chromosomes (X and Y) that determine an individual’s gender
Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 2
Child’s genotype–child’s phenotype
- Phenotype:
- Endophenotypes: make a ___ for between ___ and ___
- Gene expression:
physical characteristics and
behavioral characteristics.
make a path for between genes and behavior
(e.g., brain, nervous system)
developmental changes
Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 2
Child’s genotype–child’s phenotype
Regulator genes Explain what is it
Do they function alone?
Control activity of other genes, turning off
and on
the genes that are turned on in certain cells lead them to specialize for arm, hand, and fingerprint formation.
Never function in isolation(whenever the turning on of one gene triggers other genes to either turn on or off but they are never alone)
Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 2
Alleles:
Dominant:
Recessive:
Alleles: an alternative verison of a gene
Dominant: the allele that is present gets expressed
Recessive: the allele that is not
expressed if a dominant allele is present
Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 2
Homozygous:
Heterozygous:
Polygenic inheritance:
Homozygous: two of the same allele
* Heterozygous: two different alleles
* Polygenic inheritance: many different
genes contribute to any given phenotypic
outcome
-Inheritance is for complicated patterns like intelligence
Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 2
* Polygenic inheritance:
many different genes contribute to any given phenotypic outcome
Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 3
Child’s environment–child’s phenotype
Given genotype may ____ different environments
an example
Given genotype may develop differently
in different environments
Effects of abusive parenting on adult
outcomes
Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 3
Childs Enivorment- Child phentype
Carrier Genetic Testing:
genetic testing used to determine
whether prospective parents are carriers of specific disorders
Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 3
Child Enivorment- Child Phenotype
Prenatal Testing:
Newborn Screening:
genetic testing used to assess the fetus’s
risk for genetic disorders
tests used to screen newborn infants for a range of genetic and non-genetic disorders
Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 4
Child’s phenotype–child’s environment
Children are ___ of their environments
Children are active creators of their environments
- They evoke certain kinds
of responses from others. - Actively select surrounds
and experiences
Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 4
Child’s phenotype–child’s environment
When a parent read novels
She is providing a rich literary environment for
her young child.
Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 5
Child’s environment–child’s genotype
DNA is “fixed” but expression of
_____
Epigenetics
DNA is “fixed” but expression of
genetic code is altered
Stable changes in gene
expression. and can be passed on to the next generration
Genetic and Environmental Forces
Methylation:
epigenetic mechanism; silences gene
expression
Behavior Genetics
Behavior genetics definition
How variation in behavior and development
results from _____
How variation in behavior and development
results from the combination of genetic and
environmental factors
Behavior Genetics
Heritable
Refers to characteristics or traits that are
genetically transmitted
Behavior Genetics
Multifactorial
Traits affected by ____
Traits affected by environmental and genetic
factors
Individual Differences: Genetically Transmitted
Developmental Disorders
These conditions follow various inheritance
patterns
name three of them?
Dominant-recessive patterns
Sex-linked-inheritance
Polygenic inheritance
Environmental Effects
Large contribution of environmental
factors are (two things and give definition and give another one)
Shared environment: Same family;
genetic relatedness
Non-shared environments: unique
to individual
aka Birth order, parenting
style/experience
under Non-shared environments
outside family factors
different peer groups,
idiosyncratic life events, inspiring
teacher, or being bullied
Structures of the Brain
All neurons have ___ main components.
name them
Cell body, Dendrites, Axon
Structures of the Brain
Neurons
Cell body
Cell body: contains basic biological
material; keeps neuron functioning
Structures of the Brain
Neurons
Dendrites
neural fibers; receive
input from other cells
Structures of the Brain
Neurons
Axon
neural fibers; conduct
electrical signals away from the cell
body
Structures of the Brain
Neurons
Synapses
a small space between two neurons where they communicate with each other
Structures of the Brain
Glial cells
what do they do and from
Myelin sheath
support cells in the nervous system
Form myelin sheath around
axons
fatty sheath that forms around certain
axons in the body
-Increases speed
Structures of the Brain
The Cortex
Cerebral cortex constitutes
__ of human brain
What is it invovled in
80%
Involved in a variety of
mental functions: seeing,
hearing, thinking, problem
solving, emotions, etc.
Structures of the Brain
Cortex
Lobes: major areas of the cortex
name all four lobes
Occipital lobe:
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe:
Frontal lobe
Structures of the Brain
Cortex
Lobes: major areas of the cortex
Occipital lobe:
Temporal lobe:
processes visual information
associated with memory, emotions,
auditory processing
Structures of the Brain
Cortex
Lobes: major areas of the cortex
Parietal lobe:
* Frontal lobe:
the ability to tell where objects are in space
organizing behavior; planning ahead
Structures of the Brain
Cortex
Association areas:
Information from multiple sensory systems is processed and integrated in the association areas that lie in between the major sensory and motor areas.
Brain Development
Cortex
Auditory cortex:
* Visual cortex:
hearing
vision
Structures of the Brain
Cerebral hemispheres:
Input from one side of body goes to _____
two halves of the cortex
opposite hemisphere
Structures of the Brain
Corpus callosum:
Cerebral lateralization:
a thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the brain’s left and right hemispheres
the idea that the brain’s two hemispheres are functionally specialized for processing different things
Developmental Processes
Neurogenesis:
the process by _____
Begins ___ days after conception
Then neurons migrate to ___
the process by which new neurons are created in the brain from neural stem cells; rapidly
- Begins 42 days after conception
- Then neurons migrate to ultimate
destinations
Developmental Processes
Spines:
Increase capacity of dendrites to
form connections with other neurons
Developmental Processes
Myelination:
formation of myelin sheath
around axons of neurons
Developmental Processes
Synaptogenesis
Process by which neurons form___ neurons
Results in trillions of __
- Process by which neurons form synapses
with other neurons - Results in trillions of connections
Developmental Processes
Synapse pruning
excess amount of connections that oen brain cant use
basically the process of elimating the ones not used
Mapping the Mind
One example you can map the mind(Its a job u wanted)
Functional magnetic resonance(MRI)
The Importance of Experience
Plasticity definition and the two types
capacity of brain to be
modeled or changed by experience
Experience-expectant plasticity, Experience-dependent plasticity
The Importance of Experience
Experience-expectant plasticity
Experience-dependent plasticity:
general human experience in shaping
brain development
result of experiences
Brain Damage and Recovery
Brain can rewire if damaged early in life, when compared with damage later in life
Worst time to suffer brain damage is ____.
very early, during prenatal development
Nutritional Behavior: Infant Feeding
Advantages of breast milk: INFANT
Advantages of breast milk breasting feeding parent
Naturally free of bacteria
Fatty acids in breast milk
Decreases parent’s risk of breast and ovarian
cancer
* Deterrent when weighed against the financial
cost of formula
Nutritional Behavior: Food Preference Development
Development of food preferences:
infant responses(four of them)
Food neophobia
Positive: sweet and umami
Negative: bitter
Mixed: sour
Little reaction: salty
young children’s unwillingness to eat unfamiliar foods
Obesity: Why Do Some People Become
Overweight?
Genetic factors
not predicted by a ___ ___
Environmental factors like school(name example)
not predicted by a single gene
* Self-regulation and impulse control.
Schools: lack of physical education, recess
activities
Home screen time
Undernutrition
a definition and what it affects
not getting enough to eat
Brain development
* Physical growth
* Cognition
Vaccines
Herd immunity
is a point at which a disease has difficulty spreading through a population because a large enough percentage of people are immune to it.
