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Child Pysch > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Genome

Gene synthesis

Humans have how many genes

A

Complete set of organisms genes

Method for producing DNA

20,000

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2
Q

Nature and Nurture
Genotype

Phenotype

A

Inherited genetic material

Observed expression of genotype (e.g.,
body characteristics, behavior)

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3
Q

What are the Five Fundamental Relations that contribute to development

A
  1. Parents’ genetic contribution to children’s genotypes
  2. The contribution of children’s genotypes to their own
    phenotypes
  3. The contribution of children’s environments to their
    phenotypes
  4. The influence of children’s phenotypes on their environments
  5. The influence of children’s environments on their genotypes
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4
Q

Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 1
Parents’ genotype–child’s genotype

Involves transmission _____

A

Involves transmission of genetic material
from parent to offspring

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5
Q

Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 1
Parents’ genotype–child’s genotype

Chromosomes: ___ of ___

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid):Carries all ___

Gene:Basic___

A

Chromosomes: molecules of DNA
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): Carries
all biochemical instructions
Gene: Basic unit of heredity

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6
Q

Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 1
Parents’ genotype–child’s genotype

Diversity and individuality happen due to:

Name four and definition

A

Random Assortment: egg and sperm
* Crossing over: sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to another
* Mutation: a change in a section of DNA
* Sex chromosomes (X and Y) that determine an individual’s gender

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7
Q

Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 2
Child’s genotype–child’s phenotype

  • Phenotype:
  • Endophenotypes: make a ___ for between ___ and ___
  • Gene expression:
A

physical characteristics and
behavioral characteristics.

make a path for between genes and behavior
(e.g., brain, nervous system)

developmental changes

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8
Q

Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 2
Child’s genotype–child’s phenotype
Regulator genes Explain what is it

Do they function alone?

A

Control activity of other genes, turning off
and on
the genes that are turned on in certain cells lead them to specialize for arm, hand, and fingerprint formation.

Never function in isolation(whenever the turning on of one gene triggers other genes to either turn on or off but they are never alone)

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9
Q

Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 2
Alleles:
Dominant:
Recessive:

A

Alleles: an alternative verison of a gene

Dominant: the allele that is present gets expressed

Recessive: the allele that is not
expressed if a dominant allele is present

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10
Q

Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 2
Homozygous:
Heterozygous:
Polygenic inheritance:

A

Homozygous: two of the same allele
* Heterozygous: two different alleles
* Polygenic inheritance: many different
genes contribute to any given phenotypic
outcome
-Inheritance is for complicated patterns like intelligence

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11
Q

Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 2
* Polygenic inheritance:

A

many different genes contribute to any given phenotypic outcome

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12
Q

Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 3
Child’s environment–child’s phenotype

Given genotype may ____ different environments

an example

A

Given genotype may develop differently
in different environments

Effects of abusive parenting on adult
outcomes

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13
Q

Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 3
Childs Enivorment- Child phentype

Carrier Genetic Testing:

A

genetic testing used to determine
whether prospective parents are carriers of specific disorders

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14
Q

Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 3
Child Enivorment- Child Phenotype
Prenatal Testing:

Newborn Screening:

A

genetic testing used to assess the fetus’s
risk for genetic disorders

tests used to screen newborn infants for a range of genetic and non-genetic disorders

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15
Q

Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 4
Child’s phenotype–child’s environment

Children are ___ of their environments

A

Children are active creators of their environments

  • They evoke certain kinds
    of responses from others.
  • Actively select surrounds
    and experiences
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16
Q

Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 4
Child’s phenotype–child’s environment
When a parent read novels

A

She is providing a rich literary environment for
her young child.

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17
Q

Genetic and Environmental Forces: Relation 5
Child’s environment–child’s genotype

DNA is “fixed” but expression of
_____

Epigenetics

A

DNA is “fixed” but expression of
genetic code is altered

Stable changes in gene
expression. and can be passed on to the next generration

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18
Q

Genetic and Environmental Forces
Methylation:

A

epigenetic mechanism; silences gene
expression

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19
Q

Behavior Genetics
Behavior genetics definition

How variation in behavior and development
results from _____

A

How variation in behavior and development
results from the combination of genetic and
environmental factors

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20
Q

Behavior Genetics
Heritable

A

Refers to characteristics or traits that are
genetically transmitted

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21
Q

Behavior Genetics
Multifactorial

Traits affected by ____

A

Traits affected by environmental and genetic
factors

22
Q

Individual Differences: Genetically Transmitted
Developmental Disorders
These conditions follow various inheritance
patterns
name three of them?

A

Dominant-recessive patterns
Sex-linked-inheritance
Polygenic inheritance

23
Q

Environmental Effects
Large contribution of environmental
factors are (two things and give definition and give another one)

A

Shared environment: Same family;
genetic relatedness

Non-shared environments: unique
to individual
aka Birth order, parenting
style/experience

under Non-shared environments
outside family factors
different peer groups,
idiosyncratic life events, inspiring
teacher, or being bullied

24
Q

Structures of the Brain
All neurons have ___ main components.

name them

A

Cell body, Dendrites, Axon

25
Q

Structures of the Brain
Neurons
Cell body

A

Cell body: contains basic biological
material; keeps neuron functioning

26
Q

Structures of the Brain
Neurons
Dendrites

A

neural fibers; receive
input from other cells

27
Q

Structures of the Brain
Neurons
Axon

A

neural fibers; conduct
electrical signals away from the cell
body

28
Q

Structures of the Brain
Neurons
Synapses

A

a small space between two neurons where they communicate with each other

29
Q

Structures of the Brain
Glial cells

what do they do and from

Myelin sheath

A

support cells in the nervous system

Form myelin sheath around
axons

fatty sheath that forms around certain
axons in the body
-Increases speed

30
Q

Structures of the Brain
The Cortex
Cerebral cortex constitutes
__ of human brain

What is it invovled in

A

80%

Involved in a variety of
mental functions: seeing,
hearing, thinking, problem
solving, emotions, etc.

31
Q

Structures of the Brain
Cortex
Lobes: major areas of the cortex
name all four lobes

A

Occipital lobe:
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe:
Frontal lobe

32
Q

Structures of the Brain
Cortex
Lobes: major areas of the cortex
Occipital lobe:
Temporal lobe:

A

processes visual information

associated with memory, emotions,
auditory processing

33
Q

Structures of the Brain
Cortex
Lobes: major areas of the cortex
Parietal lobe:
* Frontal lobe:

A

the ability to tell where objects are in space

organizing behavior; planning ahead

34
Q

Structures of the Brain
Cortex
Association areas:

A

Information from multiple sensory systems is processed and integrated in the association areas that lie in between the major sensory and motor areas.

35
Q

Brain Development
Cortex
Auditory cortex:
* Visual cortex:

A

hearing

vision

36
Q

Structures of the Brain
Cerebral hemispheres:

Input from one side of body goes to _____

A

two halves of the cortex

opposite hemisphere

37
Q

Structures of the Brain
Corpus callosum:

Cerebral lateralization:

A

a thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the brain’s left and right hemispheres

the idea that the brain’s two hemispheres are functionally specialized for processing different things

38
Q

Developmental Processes
Neurogenesis:
the process by _____

Begins ___ days after conception

Then neurons migrate to ___

A

the process by which new neurons are created in the brain from neural stem cells; rapidly

  • Begins 42 days after conception
  • Then neurons migrate to ultimate
    destinations
39
Q

Developmental Processes
Spines:

A

Increase capacity of dendrites to
form connections with other neurons

40
Q

Developmental Processes
Myelination:

A

formation of myelin sheath
around axons of neurons

41
Q

Developmental Processes
Synaptogenesis

Process by which neurons form___ neurons

Results in trillions of __

A
  • Process by which neurons form synapses
    with other neurons
  • Results in trillions of connections
42
Q

Developmental Processes
Synapse pruning

A

excess amount of connections that oen brain cant use

basically the process of elimating the ones not used

43
Q

Mapping the Mind
One example you can map the mind(Its a job u wanted)

A

Functional magnetic resonance(MRI)

44
Q

The Importance of Experience
Plasticity definition and the two types

A

capacity of brain to be
modeled or changed by experience

Experience-expectant plasticity, Experience-dependent plasticity

45
Q

The Importance of Experience
Experience-expectant plasticity

Experience-dependent plasticity:

A

general human experience in shaping
brain development

result of experiences

46
Q

Brain Damage and Recovery
Brain can rewire if damaged early in life, when compared with damage later in life

Worst time to suffer brain damage is ____.

A

very early, during prenatal development

47
Q

Nutritional Behavior: Infant Feeding
Advantages of breast milk: INFANT

Advantages of breast milk breasting feeding parent

A

Naturally free of bacteria
Fatty acids in breast milk

Decreases parent’s risk of breast and ovarian
cancer
* Deterrent when weighed against the financial
cost of formula

48
Q

Nutritional Behavior: Food Preference Development

Development of food preferences:
infant responses(four of them)

Food neophobia

A

Positive: sweet and umami
Negative: bitter
Mixed: sour
Little reaction: salty

young children’s unwillingness to eat unfamiliar foods

49
Q

Obesity: Why Do Some People Become
Overweight?
Genetic factors
not predicted by a ___ ___

Environmental factors like school(name example)

A

not predicted by a single gene
* Self-regulation and impulse control.

Schools: lack of physical education, recess
activities
Home screen time

50
Q

Undernutrition
a definition and what it affects

A

not getting enough to eat

Brain development
* Physical growth
* Cognition

51
Q

Vaccines
Herd immunity

A

is a point at which a disease has difficulty spreading through a population because a large enough percentage of people are immune to it.

Child Pysch (11 decks)

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