Chapter 11 Flashcards
The Caregiver-Child Attachment
Relationship:
Attachment Definiton
Emotional bond with a special person that
lasts over time and distance.
The Caregiver-Child Attachment
Relationship:
Attachment
Usually discussed in regard to their
relation between ____and ____
infants and specific
caregivers
The Caregiver-Child Attachment
Relationship:
Attachment
Can also occur in ____
adulthood
The Caregiver-Child Attachment Relationship:
What do Behaviorists believe about attachment between Caregiver and Child
Proposed that the infant–mother bond is
classically conditioned as the mother
provides nourishment to the child
The Caregiver-Child Attachment Relationship:
explain example of unconditioned and conditioned stimuli in terms of caregiver and child relationship
The children are conditioned by the mother breast milk to become attached to the mother because of the source of food.
The Caregiver-Child Attachment Relationship:
Behaviorists
Harry Harlow
Proposed attachment/bond with
mother/caregiver develops due ________
What does the base of operation mean?
to the sense
of security provided by mother/caregiver
it “provides its young with a sense of security . . . when mother and child are in a strange situation”
The Caregiver-Child Attachment Relationship:
Behaviorists
Explain Harlows monkey experiment.
What did it debunk
the cloth and the wire monkey
debunked how Behaviorists believed attachment was formed bc of resources
Attachment Theory:
Attachment theory (Bowlby): children are
biologically predisposed to develop
children are
biologically predisposed to develop
attachments to caregivers to increase
chances of their own survival
Attachment theory (Bowlby):
Secure base: presence of
example:
presence of trusted caregiver
provides infant or toddler with a sense of
security that makes it possible for the child
to explore the environment
FIrts time you bring ur baby to a park it gets overhwelemed bc its never seen it before. But if it has a secure base (the parent), it will explore and look around but still look back to see if the parent is still there
Attachment theory (Bowlby):
What does coregulation and imprinting have to do w secure base
Imprinting is like the example of the little ducks imprinting on the first duck they see.
How it connects: they see the caregiver as a safe reliable figure and grow a strong attachment to them.
Coregualtion: refers to the process where a caregiver and child work together to manage and regulate the child’s emotions and behaviors.
How it connects: Effective coregulation by a caregiver fosters trust and self-regulation, creating a secure base that encourages a child to explore while providing reassurance when needed.
Attachment Theory:
Internal working model of attachment:
What is a result of?
Through attachment, a child develops an internal working model—a mental representation of themselves, their caregivers, and relationships—based on their perception of how reliably their caregivers meet their needs and provide security.
constructed as a result of experiences with
caregivers
Attachment Theory
If children’s attachment figures are
unavailable or unresponsive, children
develop
negative perceptions of relationships
with other people and of themselves. This can last way into there adulthood as well.
They percieve everyone as unrebaible
Measurement of Attachment Security:
How do you measure Attachment?
It is usually measured by observing children’s behaviors with their caregivers or by interviewing parents and children about each other’s behaviors and the quality of their relationship.
Measurement of Attachment Security
Strange Situation:
Who made this experiement?
What was it made to assess?
developed by Mary
Ainsworth to assess infants’ attachment to
their primary caregiver
Measurement of Attachment Security:
Key factors of how to measure quality caregiver and infant attachment?
(Two of them)
○ Extent of infant’s use of primary caregiver
as secure base
○ Infant’s reaction to brief separations from
and reunions with caregiver
Measurement of Attachment Security
Strange Situation:
Explain it
The mom bring baby strange place, stranger enters, stranger intercats, mom leaves, baby cries, mom comes back and she stops crying,
example of strong attachment.
Ainsworth’s Three Attachment Categories:
Ainsworth and colleagues discerned three
distinct patterns that can be replicated with
mothers and fathers. What are the three ways of attachment?
○ Secure
○ Insecure/avoidant
○ Insecure/resistant (also known as ambivalent: means having mixed or conflicting feelings about something or someone)
Ainsworth’s Three Attachment Categories :Secure Attachment
Secure Attachment (___-____% of US infants)
50-60
Ainsworth’s Three Attachment Categories :Secure Attachment
What are the qualities of a secure attachment style with the baby? Is a caregiver a secure base?
High quality, straightforward relationship with
attachment figure
● Caregiver is secure base for exploration
Ainsworth’s Three Attachment Categories :Secure Attachment
Within Strange Situation:
What are the things happening within the experiment if the baby has a secure attachment?(three of them)
● Infant may be upset when caregiver leaves
● Happy when caregiver returns
● Quick recovery
Ainsworth’s Three Attachment Categories:
Insecure/Resistant (Ambivalent) Attachment
Insecure/resistant or ambivalent (___ of U.S.
infants)
9% of U.S.
infants
Ainsworth’s Three Attachment Categories:
Insecure/Resistant (Ambivalent) Attachment
What are Ambivalent attachment babies qualities?
Give an example
● Infants are clingy, stay close to caregiver
For example, the infant may rush to the mother, crying and with outstretched arms, signaling the wish to be picked up— but then, as soon as he or she is picked up, arch away from the mother or begin squirming to get free from her embrace.
Ainsworth’s Three Attachment Categories:
Insecure/Resistant (Ambivalent) Attachment
Within Strange Situation:(three)
● Become very upset when caregiver leaves
● Not comforted by strangers
● Not comforted by return of caregiver
Ainsworth’s Three Attachment Categories:
Insecure/Avoidant Attachment
Insecure/avoidant (__% of U.S. infants)
15% of U.S. infants
Ainsworth’s Three Attachment Categories:
Insecure/Avoidant Attachment
Two quailites of this kind of baby?
-Child is indifferent to caregiver
● May avoid caregiver
Ainsworth’s Three Attachment Categories:
Insecure/Avoidant Attachment
Within Strange Situation:
(Two things)
● Indifferent to caregiver leaving or returning
● If upset, easily comforted by stranger as by
caregiver
Ainsworth’s Three Attachment Categories
Extension of categories was created bc small percentage didnt fit into any three of them so they created…___
What is the percentage for this?
Disorganized/Disoriented
(15% of U.S. infants)
Ainsworth’s Three Attachment Categories:
Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
Name two quailties of this kind of baby? Name an example as well.
○ No consistent way of coping with stress
○ Behavior is confused and contradictory
○ Example: Running towards parent but
then freezing as they got closer
Sources of Individual Differences in
Attachment Styles:
Basically asking why there are different attachment styles.
Parental sensitivity definition(two aspects)
Parental sensitivity refers to a caregiver’s ability to recognize and respond appropriately to a child’s needs, emotions, and cues. It includes two key aspects:
Warmth: This involves showing love, affection, and a nurturing attitude, helping the child feel safe and valued.
Contingent responsiveness: This means responding promptly and appropriately to the child’s signals, such as comforting them when they cry or encouraging them when they show interest in exploring.
Sources of Individual Differences in
Attachment Styles:
Parental sensitivity can be exhibited in a
_____
variety of ways
Sources of Individual Differences in
Attachment Styles: Parental sensitivity
Mothers of securely attached infants generally
respond _____
What does this differ by?
warmly to their offspring and are
sensitive to their needs.
Sensitive and responsive parenting differs by
cultural group.
Cultural Variations in Attachment Styles: Similarities
Infants’ behaviors in the Strange
Situation were found to be similar
across _____
What does this support?
numerous cultures
(Africa, East Asia, Latin America,
and Europe)
Supports notion that
attachment security is a
universal phenomenon.
Cultural Variations in Attachment Styles:
Some differences
Children in Colombia and Peru are
Children in Italy and Portugal are
Least likely to remain in close physical
proximity to their mothers
more likely than children in other
countries to maintain physical contact
with their mothers
Attachment and Social-Emotional
Development
Securely attached infants(Three quailties)
-They have ____ internal working models
-Express emotions in ____ways
-___and more ____peer
relationships
-Earn ___grades
Positive internal working models
express emotions in better ways
closer and more positive peer relationships
higher
The Self:
The self involves a description of one’s:
(five things)
-Physical characteristics
○ Personality traits
○ Personal preferences
○ Social and familial relationships
○ Details of ethnicity, culture, national origin
The Self:
Three main aspects of self. What are they?
○ Self-concept
○ Self-esteem
○ Self-identity
Self-Concept:
Self Definition.
Including three categories in the self.
a conceptual system made up of one’s
thoughts and attitudes about oneself,
including….
-Physical being(clothes, body)
○ Social characteristics(relationships)
○ Internal characteristics(Recognition of personal traits, values, and beliefs)
Self-Concept:
Self is dynamic. What does this mean.
How does this develop.
meaning it evolves over time and changes with new experiences and insights
It develops through interactions with people in the child’s environment, such as family, peers, and caregivers, who provide feedback and influence how the child views themselves.
Self-Concept:
Self-concept in infancy
Infants have a ..
About 8 months:
basic concept of self.
self-concept becomes
distinct; linked to attachment.
which meansss
Their self-concept becomes more distinct, as they begin to realize they are separate individuals from their caregivers.
Linked to attachment: This growing self-awareness is closely tied to attachment, as infants understand their reliance on caregivers for comfort and security, shaping their sense of self in relation to others.
Self-Concept
18–20 months:
What test is use during this age? What is this test?Who is unable to pass the test at this age?
self-recognition appears;
tested by “rouge (blush) test.”
Test if when u put blush on the childs nose and if you put them infront of a mirror and they try to wipe it off they have self awarness.
Children with ASD are unable to pass the
“rouge test”.
Self-Concept
18–20 months:
By 2 years, children recognize themselves
in ____.
____helps in the
formation of a self-concept
photographs
Feedback from parents
Self-Concept:
How does self-concept change in childhood?
It becomes more ____ as children grow, incorporating _____
It becomes more complex as children grow, incorporating new ideas about themselves and their abilities.
Self-Concept:
What influences a child’s self-concept?
_____ from others, such as feedback ____
Direct and indirect evaluations from others, such as feedback, praise, or criticism.
Self-Concept:
How do indirect evaluations influence self-concept?
Indirect evaluations, like observing how others treat or talk about them, shape their self-perception.
Self-Concept:
What type of emotions are involved in self-concept development in childhood?
Self-conscious emotions, like pride, guilt, shame, and embarrassment, which arise from self-awareness and social interactions.
Self-Concept:
Social comparison:
process of comparing
aspects of one’s own psychological,
behavioral, or physical functioning to that of
others in order to evaluate oneself
Self-Concept
Social comparison:
When does social comparison become evident in children?
Social comparison is evident in elementary school children.
Self-Concept
Social comparison:
Why is social comparison important in childhood?
It helps children understand their strengths and weaknesses and develop a sense of identity.
Self-Concept:
How is self-concept perceived in adolescence?
Examples as well
Adolescents perceive themselves as having ____, such as ___ and ___.
Adolescents perceive themselves as having abstract characteristics, such as personality traits and values.
Traits like being caring, responsible, or creative, as well as values and personal beliefs.
Self-Concept:
What influences the development of self-concept in adolescence?
The emergence of _____ influences how adolescents perceive themselves, allowing for _____
The emergence of abstract thinking influences how adolescents perceive themselves, allowing for more complex self-reflection.
Self-Concept:
Why is self-concept more abstract in adolescence compared to childhood?
As adolescents develop cognitive abilities, they can think beyond concrete traits and begin considering their internal states, beliefs, and potential.
Self-Concept: Adolescent:
What is the personal fable?
The personal fable is a form of adolescent egocentrism that involves the belief in the uniqueness of one’s own feelings and thoughts.
their experiences and emotions are different from those of others,
Self-Concept: Adolescent:
What is the imaginary audience?
The imaginary audience is the perception that everyone is focused on an adolescent’s appearance and behavior, stemming from adolescent egocentrism.
Self-Concept: Adolescent:
What causes the imaginary audience?
It arises from adolescent egocentrism, where adolescents overly focus on themselves and assume others do the same.
Self-Esteem:
What is self-esteem?
Self-esteem is one’s overall evaluation of their self-worth and the feelings associated with that evaluation.
Self-Esteem:
When does self-esteem typically emerge?
Self-esteem typically emerges around 8 years of age.
Self-Esteem:
What are characteristics of individuals with high self-esteem?
They feel good about themselves, are generally hopeful, and optimistic.
Self-Esteem:
What are characteristics of individuals with low
self-esteem?
○ Feel worthless
○ Feel hopeless
and may turn to
aggression,
depression,
substance abuse,
social withdrawal,
suicidal ideation
Self-Esteem
How does age affect self-esteem?(the highs and lows)
Self-esteem is high in childhood, drops during adolescence, and rises again in adulthood.
Self-Esteem
How do physical attributes influence self-esteem?
Physical appearance and abilities can significantly impact an individual’s self-esteem, especially during adolescence.
Self-Esteem
How does gender affect self-esteem?
Boys tend to have higher self-esteem compared to girls, influenced by societal expectations and gender norms.
Self-Esteem
How do parents influence self-esteem?
Parental child-rearing style, discipline, approval, and emotional support play a key role in shaping self-esteem.
Self-Esteem
How do peers affect self-esteem?
Peer acceptance and friendships are critical sources of self-esteem, especially in adolescence
Self-Esteem:
How do schools and neighborhoods influence self-esteem?
Positive school environments and safe, supportive neighborhoods contribute to higher self-esteem, while negative environments can lower it.
Self-Esteem:
How does culture affect the meaning of self-esteem?
Self-esteem can have different meanings depending on cultural values and norms.
Self-Esteem:
What defines self-esteem in Western cultures?
In Western cultures, self-esteem is often related to individual accomplishments and self-promotion.
Self-Esteem:
What defines self-esteem in Asian cultures?
In Asian cultures, self-esteem is more connected to contributing to the welfare of the larger group and maintaining harmony.
Identity
What is identity?
Identity is a portrayal of the
Identity is a portrayal of the self, made up of various components, and can be shaped by external factors, such as through group affiliation.
“A teenager identifying as part of a sports team, such as a soccer club, where the team membership influences their sense of belonging, values, and behaviors.”
onnecting them to a larger community with shared goals or interests.
Identity
When does identity development occur?
Identity develops primarily during adolescence
Identity
What did Erik Erikson propose about identity?
Erikson suggested that all adolescents experience an identity crisis as a way of separating from their parents.
Identity
What is identity achievement?
Identity achievement is the successful resolution of an identity crisis, leading to a clear sense of self.
Identity
How did Marcia expand on Erikson’s theory?
Marcia expanded on Erikson’s theory by suggesting that identity development is influenced by two key dimensions:
Marcia expanded on Erikson’s theory by suggesting that identity development is influenced by two key dimensions: identity exploration (the process of exploring different options and experiences) and identity commitment (the degree to which an individual has made decisions or commitments about their identity). He identified four identity statuses based on these dimensions:
The Four Groups of Identity Status Developed by
Marcia (1980)
What is identity-diffusion?
is a status in which an individual has not made firm commitments to any particular identity and has not actively engaged in exploring potential identities.
The Four Groups of Identity Status Developed by
Marcia (1980)
What characterizes identity-foreclosure?
Identity-foreclosure occurs when an individual commits to an identity without engaging in exploration. This often happens when someone adopts values, beliefs, or goals imposed by parents, society, or other external influences, rather than forming their own.
The Four Groups of Identity Status Developed by
Marcia (1980)
What is identity-moratorium?
It is the active exploration of various identities without making a clear commitment.
The Four Groups of Identity Status Developed by
Marcia (1980)
What is identity-achievement?
It is when an individual has explored multiple potential identities and made a commitment to one.
Progression Toward Identity Achievement
What are the typical sequences of change in identity formation?(two formations)
The most typical sequences are:
Diffusion → Foreclosure → Achievement
Diffusion → Moratorium → Foreclosure → Achievement
Progression Toward Identity Achievement
How is identity status related to adjustment in Western society?
Identity status is linked to adjustment, social behavior, and personality in Western societies.
Progression Toward Identity Achievement
What factors influence adolescent identity formation?
Factors include familial, individual, socioeconomic, historical, and cultural influences.
Ethnic and Racial Identity
What is ethnic and racial identity?
What are the two main components of ethnic and racial identity?
Ethnic and racial identity includes the beliefs and attitudes an individual has about the ethnic or racial groups to which they belong.
Ethnicity and race are the two main components.
Ethnic and Racial Identity
What outcomes are linked to higher levels of ethnic and racial identity?
Higher levels of ethnic and racial identity are linked to greater self-esteem, well-being, and fewer emotional and behavioral difficulties.
Ethnic and Racial Identity
What is the understanding of ethnic and racial identity in the early school years?
In the early school years, children learn about common characteristics of their own groups, develop feelings about group membership, self-identification, and group-related preferences across various contexts.
Ethnic and Racial Identity
How does ethnic and racial identity change during adolescence compared to early school years?
During adolescence, ethnic or racial identity becomes more central(plays a more significant and prominent role in an adolescent’s sense of self) ,
Ethnic and Racial Identity
During adolescence, a person’s ethnic or racial identity becomes more important, influenced by factors like …(five ways)
Acculturation
Parent-youth acculturation gaps
Bicultural identity
Family acceptance
Discrimination
Acculturation: How much a person adopts the culture of a new place they live in.
Parent-youth acculturation gaps: Differences between how parents and their children adapt to a new culture.
Bicultural identity: When a person blends their original culture with the new culture.
Family acceptance: How supported a person feels by their family regarding their cultural identity.
Discrimination: Negative treatment or prejudice based on someone’s ethnicity or race.
Sexual Identity
What is sexual identity?
Sexual identity is an individual’s sense of themselves as a sexual being.
Sexual Identity
What is sexual orientation?
Sexual orientation refers to an individual’s romantic or erotic attractions to people of the opposite gender, same gender, both, or neither.
Sexual Identity
Who are sexual-minority youth?
Sexual-minority youth are adolescents attracted to people of the same biological sex or both sexes, often referred to as lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youth.
Sexual Identity
What challenges do sexual-minority youth face?
Sexual-minority youth may face discrimination in law and practice, as well as hate crimes due to their sexual orientation.
Most Important Life Challenges
What are the top three most important life problems faced by sexual-minority youth?
The top three challenges are non-accepting families, bullying at school, and fear of being open about their sexual identity.
Daily Struggles
What percentage of LGBTQ youth feel they can be themselves in school?
27% of LGBTQ youth feel they can be themselves as an LGBTQ person in school, according to a recent survey.
Daily Struggles
What challenges do sexual-minority youth face psychologically?
Sexual-minority youth are more vulnerable to negative emotions, depression, low self-esteem, and feelings of low control in romantic relationships.
Daily Struggles
How do sexual-minority youth compare in terms of suicide rates?
What other life challenges are sexual-minority youth more likely to face?
Sexual-minority youth have higher suicide rates compared to their heterosexual peers.
They are more likely to experience homelessness and be placed in foster care.
