Chapter 14 Flashcards
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Judgment
How does moral reasoning change according to Piaget?
Piaget defined two stages in children’s
moral reasoning Which are?
Moral reasoning changes with age
Younger children: Younger children show rigid(strict) acceptance of rules.
Older children: Older children understand that rules are modifiable.(changebale)
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Judgment
1st stage: Heteronomous Morality
Age?
What do children in the Heteronomous Morality stage believe about rules?
Rules and duties to others regarded
Younger than 7 years
They believe rules are unchangeable and must be rigidly(stricit) followed.
as
unchangeable
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Judgment
Next:
The Transitional Period
Children reaching _____ of cognitive development
Age?
What cognitive ability do children develop during Piaget’s Transitional Period?
concrete operational
stage(logical thinking more)
Ages 7 to 10 years
The ability to perceive others’ perspectives and cooperate.
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Judgment
Next stage: Autonomous Morality
Age?
What key concept defines the Autonomous Morality stage in Piaget’s theory?(moral relatisism)
rules can be ___
ages 11 to 12.
The key concept is moral relativism, where rules are seen as flexible and based on social interaction
changed
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Judgment
Critique of Piaget’s theory
Theory supported by research however,
Piaget’s theory assumes young children understand immoral acts in a moral context, but they are ___
little support that peer
interaction stimulates moral judgment
often unaware of the intentions behind such actions.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
What does Kohlberg’s theory focus on regarding moral development?
Kohlberg’s theory explains how people develop moral reasoning through a
Kohlberg’s theory focuses on sequences and specific stages of moral development, which are discontinuous and hierarchical, with advanced thinking emerging at each new stage.
Kohlberg’s theory explains how people develop moral reasoning through a series of stages. These stages are step-by-step, each more advanced than the last, focusing on how we think about right and wrong.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
How does Kohlberg’s theory view moral development?
Kohlberg’s theory sees moral development as a process that develops
Kohlberg’s theory sees moral development as a process that develops over time with more complex reasoning at each stage.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
What is the Heinz dilemma used for in Kohlberg’s theory?
The Heinz dilemma is used to assess moral reasoning by presenting individuals with a moral dilemma involving the decision to steal medication to save a life.
a man whose wife is dying and there is one very expensive treatment option for her that Heinz cannot afford (watch a video about it here).
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
What is the preconventional level(ages 3-7) in Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning?
Describe Stage one and two
The preconventional level (ages 3-7) is self-centered, focusing on getting rewards and avoiding punishment.
Stage one:
Punishment and obedience orientation, children make decisions based on the desire to avoid punishment.
Stage Two:
Instrumental and exchange orientation, children make decisions based on self-interest and the idea of an exchange or reciprocal benefit.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
What is the conventional level(about ages 8-13) in Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning?
Describe stage three and four
The conventional level (ages 8-13) focuses on social relationships, emphasizing compliance with social duties and laws.
Stage three:
individuals base decisions on the expectations and approval of others, aiming to maintain relationships.
Stage four: individuals focus on fulfilling societal roles and obligations, emphasizing law and order.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
What is the postconventional level(adulthood) in Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning?
Describe Stage five and six
The postconventional level (adulthood) is centered on ideals and focuses on moral principles, emphasizing individual rights and universal ethics.
Stage Five: valuing individual rights and the welfare of society.
Stage six:individuals make moral decisions based on universal ethical principles, such as justice, equality, and respect for human dignity.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
Name the two Critique of Kohlberg’s theory
However, not sufficient distinction between
true moral issues(whats wrong and right) and social convention(rules created by society to maintain order or social norms)
▪ Gender differences not indicated; theory
based on studies of boys
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
Social Domain Theory of Moral Development
According to the Social Domain Theory of Moral Development, how does moral reasoning grow?
Moral reasoning grows through gradual changes based on social interactions with peers and adults, as well as direct socialization from parents.
Social Domain Theory of Moral Development
In the Social Domain Theory of Moral Development, what causes differences in moral judgment?
Differences in moral judgment result from differences in environments, with influences and relationships being bidirectional.
Social Domain Theory of Moral Development
To successfully navigate social situations, you need to understand three types of social rules:
The three domains are:
Moral domain – Issues of right and wrong, fairness
Societal domain – Societal rules and conventions
Personal domain – Individual preferences
Social Domain Theory of Moral Development
By age 3, what do children believe about violations of moral rules compared to social conventions?
Define Moral tragressions
By age 3, children typically understand that violations of moral rules (e.g., hitting or stealing) are more serious than breaking social conventions (e.g., talking out of turn or not saying “please”).
Moral transgressions are actions that violate ethical or moral principles, such as harming others, lying, stealing, or being unfair.
How do children’s and adolescents’ views about parental authority differ according to the Social Domain Theory of Moral Development? What does his lead too?
Children, but fewer adolescents, feel that parents have authority, while parents often feel otherwise, leading to adolescent–parent conflicts.
Cultural and Socioeconomic Differences
What determines social judgment?
Social judgment depends on culture, including differences in wealth, religion, and how people separate moral responsibilities from personal preferences.
The Development of Conscience
What is conscience?(culture)
Conscience is an internal mechanism that helps individuals follow cultural norms, control impulses, and behave in socially acceptable ways.
The Development of Conscience
How does conscience help individuals?
Conscience restrains antisocial behavior, promotes compliance with adults’ rules, and fosters prosocial behavior.
The Development of Conscience
Is conscience innate?
Yes, conscience is considered innate.
The Development of Conscience
At what age do children recognize moral standards?
With age, children adopt their parents’ ____
By age 2, children recognize moral standards.
With age, children adopt their parents’ moral values.
The Development of Conscience
_____ and ____affects
conscience development
Temperament and genes
Genes also play a role, as some studies suggest that genetic factors contribute to traits like self-control and responsiveness to emotions. These traits can affect how children internalize moral values and behave according to societal norms.
Prosocial behavior
What is prosocial behavior?
What are examples of prosocial behavior?
Prosocial behavior is voluntary behavior intended to benefit others.
Examples of prosocial behavior include helping, sharing, and comforting.
Prosocial behavior
What are the origins of prosocial behavior?
The origins of prosocial behavior are rooted in empathy and sympathy.
Prosocial Behavior
What is empathy?
Empathy is an emotional response to another person’s state, where you experience a similar emotion to what they are feeling.
