Chapter 14 Flashcards
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Judgment
How does moral reasoning change according to Piaget?
Piaget defined two stages in children’s
moral reasoning Which are?
Moral reasoning changes with age
Younger children: Younger children show rigid(strict) acceptance of rules.
Older children: Older children understand that rules are modifiable.(changebale)
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Judgment
1st stage: Heteronomous Morality
Age?
What do children in the Heteronomous Morality stage believe about rules?
Rules and duties to others regarded
Younger than 7 years
They believe rules are unchangeable and must be rigidly(stricit) followed.
as
unchangeable
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Judgment
Next:
The Transitional Period
Children reaching _____ of cognitive development
Age?
What cognitive ability do children develop during Piaget’s Transitional Period?
concrete operational
stage(logical thinking more)
Ages 7 to 10 years
The ability to perceive others’ perspectives and cooperate.
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Judgment
Next stage: Autonomous Morality
Age?
What key concept defines the Autonomous Morality stage in Piaget’s theory?(moral relatisism)
rules can be ___
ages 11 to 12.
The key concept is moral relativism, where rules are seen as flexible and based on social interaction
changed
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Judgment
Critique of Piaget’s theory
Theory supported by research however,
Piaget’s theory assumes young children understand immoral acts in a moral context, but they are ___
little support that peer
interaction stimulates moral judgment
often unaware of the intentions behind such actions.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
What does Kohlberg’s theory focus on regarding moral development?
Kohlberg’s theory explains how people develop moral reasoning through a
Kohlberg’s theory focuses on sequences and specific stages of moral development, which are discontinuous and hierarchical, with advanced thinking emerging at each new stage.
Kohlberg’s theory explains how people develop moral reasoning through a series of stages. These stages are step-by-step, each more advanced than the last, focusing on how we think about right and wrong.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
How does Kohlberg’s theory view moral development?
Kohlberg’s theory sees moral development as a process that develops
Kohlberg’s theory sees moral development as a process that develops over time with more complex reasoning at each stage.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
What is the Heinz dilemma used for in Kohlberg’s theory?
The Heinz dilemma is used to assess moral reasoning by presenting individuals with a moral dilemma involving the decision to steal medication to save a life.
a man whose wife is dying and there is one very expensive treatment option for her that Heinz cannot afford (watch a video about it here).
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
What is the preconventional level(ages 3-7) in Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning?
Describe Stage one and two
The preconventional level (ages 3-7) is self-centered, focusing on getting rewards and avoiding punishment.
Stage one:
Punishment and obedience orientation, children make decisions based on the desire to avoid punishment.
Stage Two:
Instrumental and exchange orientation, children make decisions based on self-interest and the idea of an exchange or reciprocal benefit.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
What is the conventional level(about ages 8-13) in Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning?
Describe stage three and four
The conventional level (ages 8-13) focuses on social relationships, emphasizing compliance with social duties and laws.
Stage three:
individuals base decisions on the expectations and approval of others, aiming to maintain relationships.
Stage four: individuals focus on fulfilling societal roles and obligations, emphasizing law and order.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
What is the postconventional level(adulthood) in Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning?
Describe Stage five and six
The postconventional level (adulthood) is centered on ideals and focuses on moral principles, emphasizing individual rights and universal ethics.
Stage Five: valuing individual rights and the welfare of society.
Stage six:individuals make moral decisions based on universal ethical principles, such as justice, equality, and respect for human dignity.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
Name the two Critique of Kohlberg’s theory
However, not sufficient distinction between
true moral issues(whats wrong and right) and social convention(rules created by society to maintain order or social norms)
▪ Gender differences not indicated; theory
based on studies of boys
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
Social Domain Theory of Moral Development
According to the Social Domain Theory of Moral Development, how does moral reasoning grow?
Moral reasoning grows through gradual changes based on social interactions with peers and adults, as well as direct socialization from parents.
Social Domain Theory of Moral Development
In the Social Domain Theory of Moral Development, what causes differences in moral judgment?
Differences in moral judgment result from differences in environments, with influences and relationships being bidirectional.
Social Domain Theory of Moral Development
To successfully navigate social situations, you need to understand three types of social rules:
The three domains are:
Moral domain – Issues of right and wrong, fairness
Societal domain – Societal rules and conventions
Personal domain – Individual preferences
Social Domain Theory of Moral Development
By age 3, what do children believe about violations of moral rules compared to social conventions?
Define Moral tragressions
By age 3, children typically understand that violations of moral rules (e.g., hitting or stealing) are more serious than breaking social conventions (e.g., talking out of turn or not saying “please”).
Moral transgressions are actions that violate ethical or moral principles, such as harming others, lying, stealing, or being unfair.
How do children’s and adolescents’ views about parental authority differ according to the Social Domain Theory of Moral Development? What does his lead too?
Children, but fewer adolescents, feel that parents have authority, while parents often feel otherwise, leading to adolescent–parent conflicts.
Cultural and Socioeconomic Differences
What determines social judgment?
Social judgment depends on culture, including differences in wealth, religion, and how people separate moral responsibilities from personal preferences.
The Development of Conscience
What is conscience?(culture)
Conscience is an internal mechanism that helps individuals follow cultural norms, control impulses, and behave in socially acceptable ways.
The Development of Conscience
How does conscience help individuals?
Conscience restrains antisocial behavior, promotes compliance with adults’ rules, and fosters prosocial behavior.
The Development of Conscience
Is conscience innate?
Yes, conscience is considered innate.
The Development of Conscience
At what age do children recognize moral standards?
With age, children adopt their parents’ ____
By age 2, children recognize moral standards.
With age, children adopt their parents’ moral values.
The Development of Conscience
_____ and ____affects
conscience development
Temperament and genes
Genes also play a role, as some studies suggest that genetic factors contribute to traits like self-control and responsiveness to emotions. These traits can affect how children internalize moral values and behave according to societal norms.
Prosocial behavior
What is prosocial behavior?
What are examples of prosocial behavior?
Prosocial behavior is voluntary behavior intended to benefit others.
Examples of prosocial behavior include helping, sharing, and comforting.
Prosocial behavior
What are the origins of prosocial behavior?
The origins of prosocial behavior are rooted in empathy and sympathy.
Prosocial Behavior
What is empathy?
Empathy is an emotional response to another person’s state, where you experience a similar emotion to what they are feeling.
Prosocial Behavior
What is sympathy?
How does empathy differ from sympathy?
Sympathy is a feeling of concern or sorrow for another person’s emotional state, without necessarily sharing the same emotion.
Empathy involves feeling with someone, sharing their emotions, while sympathy is feeling for someone, expressing concern for their situation.
Prosocial Behavior
What is required to sympathize or empathize?
At what age do children become distressed when they see others in distress?
The perspective of others is required to sympathize or empathize.
By 14 months, children are distressed when they see others in distress.
Prosocial Behavior
What type of prosocial behavior is evident in children by 14 months?
Cooperation is evident at 14 months, driven by sympathy and a sense of fairness.
Prosocial Behavior
At what age do children begin to share?
When do certain prosocial behaviors, such as helping and sharing, increase?
By 18 to 25 months, children begin to share.
Certain prosocial behaviors increase by ages 2 to 4 years.
Prosocial Behavior
What influences prosocial behavior in middle childhood and adolescence?(two things)
Moral reasoning and perspective-taking influence helping, sharing, and donating through middle childhood and adolescence.
The Origins of Individual Differences in
Prosocial Behavior
Biological factors
What biological predisposition do humans have?
Humans have a biological (evolutionary) predisposition for prosocial behavior, important for the survival of the species.
The Origins of Individual Differences in
Prosocial Behavior
What role do genetic factors play in prosocial behavior?
How does temperament influence prosocial behavior?
Genetic factors, such as twin studies and specific genes, influence prosocial behavior.
Identical twins, who share nearly all their genes, tend to show more similar levels of prosocial behavior compared to fraternal twins
Certain genes have been linked to traits that encourage prosocial behavior, such as empathy and emotional regulation. For example:
Temperament plays a role in the development of prosocial behavior, affecting how individuals respond to others’ needs.(A calm and well-regulated temperament helps individuals control impulses and focus on helping others)
The Origins of Individual Differences in
Prosocial Behavior
How do parents teach prosocial behavior to their children?(three)
▪ Modeling and teaching
▪ Arranging opportunities
▪ Disciplining method
The Origins of Individual Differences in
Prosocial Behavior
How do parents influence prosocial behavior in their children?
Parents socialize prosocial behavior by ____, and by _____.
Parents socialize prosocial behavior by communicating and reinforcing cultural beliefs, and by addressing cultural differences in prosocial behavior.
The Origins of Individual Differences in
Prosocial Behavior
What influences prosocial behavior in children, aside from parents?
Peer relationships also play a role in influencing prosocial behavior.
The Development of Antisocial Behaviors
What is antisocial behavior?
Antisocial behavior refers to disruptive, hostile, and aggressive actions that violate social norms.
The Development of Antisocial Behaviors
What is aggression?
Define these two kinds of aggression:
What is instrumental aggression?
What is relational aggression?
Aggression is behavior aimed at harming or injuring others.
Instrumental aggression is aggression motivated by the desire to achieve a concrete goal.
Relational aggression is aimed at harming others by damaging peer relationships, and it can lead to conduct disorders.(gossiping, spreading rumors, excluding someone from a group, or manipulating friendships to hurt someone emotionally)
The Development of Antisocial Behaviors
How does aggression vary across childhood?
A child’s use of both instrumental and relational aggression tends to be consistent across childhood.
The Origins of Aggression
Is there consistency between aggressive behavior in childhood and adolescence?
Yes, there is consistency, but many children show no history of aggression before age 11.
The Origins of Aggression
What are some factors that contribute to aggressive behavior in children?
Family risk factors can play a role in the development of aggressive behavior.
example exposure to conflict and harsh parenting
The Origins of Aggression
What are some biological correlates of aggressive behavior?
-Genetic risks (twin studies)
▪ Heredity (proactive and reactive
aggression)
▪ Temperament
▪ Neurological deficits
▪ Hormonal
Explaintation:
Temperament influences aggression, with certain temperaments more prone to aggressive behavior.
Neurological deficits, such as issues in brain function, can contribute to aggressive behavior.
Hormonal factors can influence the expression of aggression, particularly during periods of hormonal changes.
The Origins of Aggression
What is social cognition in the context of aggression?
Social cognition refers to interpreting the world through an ________ which influences how one perceives and reacts to situations.
Social cognition refers to interpreting the world through an “aggressive lens,” which influences how one perceives and reacts to situations.
The Origins of Aggression
What is reactive aggression?(percpetion)
Reactive aggression is emotionally driven, antagonistic behavior sparked by the perception that others’ motives are hostile.
The Origins of Aggression
What is proactive aggression?(fulfilling)
Proactive aggression is unemotional behavior aimed at fulfilling a need or desire, without being driven by emotional reactions.
The Origins of Aggression
What family influences contribute to aggression in children?
Family influences include harsh or low-quality parenting, abusive parents, parental punitiveness, troubled family interactions, poor parental monitoring, and parental conflict.
The Origins of Aggression
How do peers influence aggression in children?
Peers influence aggression by having aggressive friends, being exposed to violence, and experiencing peer pressure.
Common Diagnosed Childhood Disorders:
Anxiety Disorders
What is Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) in children and teens?
Children and teens with Social Anxiety Disorder have an excessive and persistent fear of social and/or performance situations, such as school, parties, and athletic activities.
Common Diagnosed Childhood Disorders:
Anxiety Disorders
What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
Generalized Anxiety Disorder is characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry about a variety of events or activities.
Common Diagnosed Childhood Disorders:
Anxiety Disorders
What are the common behaviors of children with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
Children with GAD are often overly self-critical and may avoid activities where they feel they might not perform perfectly.
Common Diagnosed Childhood Disorders:
Anxiety Disorders
What are obsessions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?(not the example one)
Obsessions are unwanted thoughts, impulses, or images that occur repeatedly and cause anxiety or distress.
Common Diagnosed Childhood Disorders:
Anxiety Disorders
What are compulsions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
Compulsions are repetitive behaviors, such as handwashing, placing things in a specific order, or checking things over and over, like whether a door is locked.
Common Diagnosed Childhood Disorders:
Anxiety Disorders
What is Selective Mutism?
Selective Mutism is a mental health condition where an individual is unable to speak in certain situations due to fear or anxiety.
Common Diagnosed Childhood Disorders:
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
Autism Spectrum Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a range of symptoms and behaviors related to social communication, interaction skills, and restricted, repetitive behaviors.
Common Diagnosed Childhood Disorders:
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
How is Autism Spectrum Disorder classified?
Autism Spectrum Disorder is classified within three levels of severity, based on the individual’s challenges and needs.
Common Diagnosed Childhood Disorders:
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
What are some challenges with social communication in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
Challenges include difficulty with eye contact, understanding what others are thinking, and starting or taking turns in conversations.
Common Diagnosed Childhood Disorders:
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
What are examples of restricted and repetitive behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
Examples include stimming (repetitive movements), echolalia (repeating words or phrases), ritualistic behaviors, and intense or highly focused interests.
Common Diagnosed Childhood Disorders:
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Why is the phrase “If you meet one person with autism, you’ve met only one person with autism” used?
This phrase highlights the unique and individual nature of autism, as each person with ASD may experience different challenges and behaviors.
Common Diagnosed Childhood Disorders:
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
What are the characteristics of the Inattentive type of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
The Inattentive type includes distractibility, poor planning, trouble focusing, difficulty with organizational skills, and poor memory.
Common Diagnosed Childhood Disorders:
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
What are the characteristics of the Hyperactive-Impulsive type of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
The Hyperactive-Impulsive type includes restlessness, impulsive decision-making and actions, constant talking, and blurting out inappropriate comments.
Common Diagnosed Childhood Disorders:
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
What is the Combined type of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
The Combined type presents with both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. A child may be impulsive, hyperactive, have trouble paying attention, and be easily distracted.
Common Therapeutic Approaches
What is Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)?
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) is a therapeutic approach that focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors.
Common Therapeutic Approaches
What is Exposure Therapy?
Exposure Therapy involves gradually exposing a patient to their fears in a secure environment to help them overcome anxiety or phobias.
Common Treatments
What is Exposure-Response Prevention Therapy (ERP)?
ERP is a therapeutic approach typically used for OCD. It involves exposing patients to their fears while preventing their compulsive behaviors.
The therapist might ask the person to touch a doorknob or another object they perceive as “dirty.” After touching the doorknob, the person is guided to resist the urge to wash their hands.
Common Treatments
How is ERP different from standard Exposure Therapy?
ERP not only exposes patients to their fears but also includes the prevention of compulsive behaviors associated with their anxiety.
Common Treatments
What is Social Skills Group Therapy?
What are some skills taught in Social Skills Group Therapy?
Social Skills Group Therapy involves small groups (usually 6-8 participants) where children learn effective communication and social interaction skills.
Skills include starting and maintaining conversations, nonverbal communication (e.g., body language, gestures), and asking questions appropriately.
