Chapter 4 Flashcards
what three things work together from birth to propel development forward.
Stages are constructed through processes
of assimilation, accommodation, and
equilibration
Piagets stage theory
View of Children’s Nature
Constructivist approach
Why did he call it Constructivist
Constructive processes involves…
because it depicts children as constructing knowledge for themselves in response to their experiences.
Generating hypotheses
* Performing experiments
* Drawing conclusions
Central Properties of Piaget’s Stage Theory
His theory believed in Qualitave change which means what
How was his theory broad?
discontionus change which means differant ages = different thinking
provided frameowkr for understanding children brains
Central Properties of Piaget’s Stage Theory
His theory believed in breif trasition which means what
His theory believed in invariant sequence which means what
that the trasitioning between the stages were very short periods of time
that all children went through the same stuff in the same order
Piaget’s Stage Theory consisted of four stages
name them all and the ages
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to Age 2 Years)
Preoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7)
Concrete Operational Stage(7-12)
Formal Operational Stage(12 and beyond)
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to Age 2 Years)
Sensorimotor intelligence:
Birth to 1 month: ___( example)
Beyond first few months: using reflexes to
_____
8 months: ___
Senses and motor skills
reflexes (sucking, grasping)
grasp and bring to mouth
Object permanence
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to Age 2 Years)
Beyond first year: actions based on
_____
* 1 year: ____
* 18 to 24 months:
Beyond first year: actions based on
interest of child
- 1 year: little explorer
- 18 to 24 months: deferred imitation:
repeating behaviors of others
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to Age 2 Years)
A-not-B-task:
tendency to reach for a
hidden object where it was last found,
rather than in the new location where it
was last hidden
Preoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7)
Symbolic representation
definition and example
Use of one object to stand for another
example stick as a sword
Preoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7)
Centration
definition and example
Focus on a single, perceptually striking
feature of an object or event(dont know this one)
Preoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7)
Egocentrism
Perceiving the world solely from one’s
own point of view
Preoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7)
Conservation concept
Changing the appearance of objects
does not necessarily change the
properties
Concrete Operational Stage(Ages 7 to 12)
Children begin to reason
logically about concrete
features of the world
- Systematic and hypothetical
thinking difficult
Formal Operational Stage
(Age 12 and Beyond)
Think abstractly and reason
hypothetically.
* Not universal
* Adolescent thinking expands and
enriches intellectual life.
Piaget’s Legacy
Piaget’s theory remains ___
Weaknesses
-____
-Infants and young children are more
____
-Depicts thinking as more ___
than reality
influential
Vague
cognitively competent
consistent
How can Piaget’s theory be applied
to education?
Considering the various stages of
cognitive processing to determine
when information should be taught
Information-Processing Theories
Focus on the structure of cognitive
systems and the mental activities used
to deploy attention and memory to
solve problems
Task analysis: research technique
* Computer simulation: a type of
mathematical model
i have no idea difgure it out
View of Children’s Nature through Information-Processing Theories
The child as a _____
They see cognitive growth as ___
The child as a ____
limited-capacity processing system
They see cognitive growth as continuous
-which means processing speeds faster,learning faster etc etc
problem solver
Development of Memory
Working memory
Actively attending to, gathering,
maintaining, storing, and processing
information
* Limitations (capacity; time)
Development of Memory
Long-term memory
Knowledge that people accumulate
over their lifetime (think Jeopardy, the
game show)
Development of Memory
Executive functioning
control behavior and thought processes.
via
prefrontal cortex
Central Developmental Issues
How are executive functions applied
throughout the lifespan?
Inhibiting tempting actions
Enhancing working memory
Being cognitively flexible
Figure it out
How to explain memory?
Basic process
(Five things)(first three)
Associating events with one another
Recognizing objects as familiar
Recalling facts and procedures
How to explain memory?
Basic process
(Five things)(two things)
Generalizing from one instance to
another
Encoding specific features of objects
and events
Central Developmental Issues
Strategies
- Rehearsal
- Selective attention
- Encoding
idk figure it out
Central Developmental Issues
Content knowledge
Increased knowledge improves
____ of new information.
Prior content knowledge improves
___
recall and integration
encoding, provides useful
associations, and guides memory in
useful directions.
Central Developmental Issues
What would develop problem solving
The use of strategies
Central Developmental Issues
Overlapping waves theory:
Planning:
emphasizes the variability of children’s
thinking
problem solving is more
successful if people plan before
acting
How can we apply information-
processing theories to education?
Research has found that children’s knowledge of numbers when they enter kindergarten predicts ____later.
their mathematics achievement
Core-Knowledge Theories
Innate knowledge
* Domain-specific learning mechanisms for
rapidly and effortlessly acquiring additional
information in those domains
* Understanding and manipulating other
people’s thinking
* Differentiating between living and
nonliving things
* Identifying human faces, finding one’s
way through space
* Understanding causes and effects;
language
I dont understand this oen either
View of Children’s Nature
Core-knowledge theorists
Entering world equipped with
______
Entering world equipped with
specialized learning mechanisms
View of Children’s Nature
Core-knowledge theorists
Are domain-specific; ____ (e.g., Theory of Mind)
different mechanisms produce development in each domain
dont understand
Core-knowledge theorists
View of Children’s Nature
Nativism
definition and example
The belief that infants are born with substantial knowledge of evolutionarily important domains, as well as the ability to quickly and easily acquire more knowledge in these domains,
for example language
Core-knowledge theorists
View of Children’s Nature
Constructivism(confused on the rest of slide)
theorize that infants possess specialized learning abilities that allow them to quickly and effortlessly begin to understand domains of special evolutionary importance.
infants inital knowledge in these domains are more advanced
Sociocultural Theories
Emphasize that other
people and the
surrounding culture
contribute___
Social scaffolding is what
greatly to children’s development
making the best possible enivorment for a kid
View of Children’s Nature
Sociocultural theorist:Lev Vygotsky
said what?
Children are social learners
Sociocultural theorist
View of Children’s Nature
Three phases of internalized speech
Children’s behavior is controlled by
_____
○ Children’s behavior is controlled by
their own ____
○ Behavior is controlled by
internalized ____(__)
Children’s behavior is controlled by
other people’s statements.
○ Children’s behavior is controlled by
their own private speech
○ Behavior is controlled by
internalized private speech
(thought)
Sociocultural theorist
View of Children’s Nature
Children seen as ___ and
____
Humans have two unique
characteristics crucial to complex
culture construction
what are they?
Children seen as teachers and
learners.
Teaching; attending and learning
Sociocultural theorist
Central Development Issues
Sociocultural theories propose
that change _____
Joint attention
occurs through social
interaction.
Focusing on something someone else is also focusing on and allows them to learn from others
“looks at airplane, points, looks at you and checks to see if u are also looking and look back”
Dynamic-Systems Theories
Focus on how change occurs over
____
Focus on how change occurs over
varying time periods in complex
systems
Development as process of
constant change
Dynamic-Systems Theories
View of Children’s Nature
Dynamic-Systems Theories emphasize:
Children are innately motivated to
explore the environment.
* Children have a precise way of
problem solving.
* Infants and toddlers are competent.
* Other people are important in
influencing development
Dynamic-Systems Theories
View of Children’s Nature
Motivators of development
Children are motivated to learn about
the world around them.
* They are interested in the world around
them.
* They expand their capabilities.
Dynamic-Systems Theories
View of Children’s Nature
Children’s specific actions
contribute to____
development throughout life.
-It is evident in reaching and
grasping for objects.
Dynamic-Systems Theories
Central Developmental Issues
Self-organization and soft assembly
Involves integrating attention,
memory, emotions, and actions
“Soft assembly”
a concept that describes how actions are the result of an immediate interaction between an individual and their context
Dynamic-Systems Theories
Central Developmental Issues
Mechanisms of change
Variation
Selection
Variation: The use of different
behaviors to pursue the same goal.
- Selection: Increasing frequent choice
of behaviors that are relatively
successful in reaching goals.
