Chapter 5 Flashcards
Sensation and Perception
Sensation
- Processing of basic information from
the external world via receptors in the
sense organs and brain
Sensation and Perception
Perception
Process of organizing and interpreting
sensory information about the
world around us
Vision
Preferential-looking
technique
Method for studying visual attention in infants
- Show two patterns/two objects–is there a
preference? - Modern version automatic eye
tracker
Habituation
Visual Acuity and Color Perception
Visual acuity
measures the sharpness of visual discrimination in infants
* if they can tell the difference between Simple versus complex patterns
Contrast sensitivity definition
what is this due to?
infants cant tell a difference between light blue and blue but instead can tell difference ebwteen black and white since they are so different from eachtoher
- Due to cones
Cone cells
Infant cant tell the difference between colors that much(Contrast sensitivity ) because of the immarituy of the cone cells
Cone cells are
*Light-sensitive neurons
The immairty of these cones affect infant vision (20/120 birth vision)
cones are not fully developed
Visual Acuity and Color Perception
Color perception appears at __
months of age
___ months color starts developing fully
infants at __ month scan the perimeter of the face and at __ month they start scanning the actual face
2
1-8
1 month
2 month
A Closer Look Infants’ Face Perception
Perceptual narrowing
6-month-olds: discriminate
between __
9-month-olds: ___
infants become face specialists, better at discriminating amongst the kinds of faces that are frequently experienced in their environments.
good at perceiving human and monkey faces,
only human face discrimination
(specialist)
Object Perception
Perceptual constancy
Perceive objects as constant size,
shape, color, in spite of physical
differences in retinal image of
object
* Children have size constancy;
experience not necessary
Object Perception
Object segregation
Bascically can you seprate ojects. Do you know where an object begins and ends with and wihtout gaps.
Example baby cant tell that if a cup is stacked a plate, it cant tell it two different objects ebacsue it doesnt have experience with those objects
properties; culture also plays a role
Object Knowledge
Object Permanence
Object continues to exist
even when no longer in sight
* Not evident from birth
- Violation-of- expectancy
procedure
Infants are shown
an event that should
evoke surprise or
interest.
Depth Perception
Optical expansion
It looks like the size of the object is
___ as the object
____
Visual image of an object
increases in size as the object
comes toward us
* Background is occluded
Depth Perception
Binocular disparity
Because of the distance in between our eyes
they
Because of the distance in between our eyes
they both send different
signals to the brain
Depth Perception
Stereopsis
the closer the object is?
the closer an obejct, the more u can see the difference ebtween the and vise versa
Depth Perception
Monocular depth (or
pictorial cues)
*
depth
that can be perceived
by one eye alone
Auditory Perception
Hearing is the most ___ of
the newborn senses
Auditory localization
Newborns proficient at
perceiving subtle differences in
___
advanced
Perception of the location in
space of a sound source.
human speech
Music Perception
Infant music perception adultlike in some
ways, different in others
Melodic perception;
Perceptual narrowing
Experience plays key role in
development of early ___
sensitivity to musical rhythm
developmental changes in which experience fine-tunes the perceptual system
musical
experiences
Taste and Smell
Sensitivity to taste develops
___
Newborns prefer ___flavors
and smell of breast milk.
Young children’s negative reaction
to novel foods may be more
strongly influenced by____
prenatally
sweet
smell than by taste.
Touch
Infants learn about their environments
through touch.
__ exploration is dominant
Around the age of __ months:
manual exploration
of their own bodies
are developed
Oral exploration is dominant
four
-Mental maps of their own bodies
are developed
Touch
Around 7 months: process locations
at which
other people are touched
(somatosensory cortex)
Intermodal Perception
Intermodal perception def.
combining information from
_____
an example as well
combining information from
two or more sensory systems
glass shattering is visual and audotiry
Motor Development
Reflexes
Innate fixed, tightly organized patterns of action that occur in response to particular stimulation
Motor Milestones
______
differences in the ages
at which these
milestones are
achieved.
Individual and cultural
Modern Views of Motor Development
Early pioneers:
Current theorists:
example
infants’ motor development is governed by brain maturation.
motor development
results from merging of many factors
Neural mechanisms
* Increases in infants’ strength
* Posture control
* Balance
Modern Views of Motor Development
Important aspect of motor development is
the infant’s discovery of ___.
what is it?example
affordances
the characteristics of an object that indicate how it can be used
for example
to know that small objects allow for it to be picked up vs large objects
The Expanding World of the Infant
Reaching
Pre-reaching movements:
What month suscessful reaching? and stable reaching
clumsy swiping movements
towards objects
3 to 4 months: successful
reaching
* 7 months: stable reaching
The Expanding World of the Infant
Self-locomotion:
At what month do they explore the eniorment on their own
Self-locomotion: ability to move
oneself around in the environment
- 8 months: exploring environment
on own; walking improves with
age and experience
The Expanding World of the Infant
Scale errors
Attempts by young children to perform
an action on a miniature object that is
impossible
Statistical Learning
Statistical learning
picking up information ___
Statistical learning abilities
picking up information from the environment
have
been measured across numerous
domains, including music, action, and
speech
Classical Conditioning
what is it
an unconscious process where an automatic, conditioned response becomes associated with a specific stimulus.
Instrumental Conditioning
includes positive reinforcement
def.
Learning the relation
between one’s own
behavior and the
consequences that result
from it
Reward that reliably
follows a behavior and
increases the likelihood
that the behavior will be
repeated
Observational Learning/Imitation
Imitation:
Learning through observation or other
people’s behavior
a form of observational
learning
Rational Learning and Active Learning
Rational learning
Active learning
Ability to use prior experiences to
predict what will occur in the future
Learning by acting on the world, rather
than passively observing objects and
events
Memory
Memory systems available in
early life
12 months old can
maintain up to __ items
Change improves __
during first year
4
rapidly
