Chapter 5

Question 1

Sensation and Perception
Sensation

Answer 1

• Processing of basic information from
  the external world via receptors in the
  sense organs and brain

Question 2

Sensation and Perception
Perception

Answer 2

Process of organizing and interpreting
sensory information about the
world around us

Question 3

Vision
Preferential-looking
technique

Answer 3

Method for studying visual attention in infants

• Show two patterns/two objects–is there a
  preference?
• Modern version automatic eye
  tracker

Habituation

Question 4

Visual Acuity and Color Perception
Visual acuity

Answer 4

measures the sharpness of visual discrimination in infants
* if they can tell the difference between Simple versus complex patterns

Question 5

Contrast sensitivity definition

what is this due to?

Answer 5

infants cant tell a difference between light blue and blue but instead can tell difference ebwteen black and white since they are so different from eachtoher

• Due to cones

Question 6

Cone cells

Answer 6

Infant cant tell the difference between colors that much(Contrast sensitivity ) because of the immarituy of the cone cells

Cone cells are
*Light-sensitive neurons

The immairty of these cones affect infant vision (20/120 birth vision)
cones are not fully developed

Question 7

Visual Acuity and Color Perception
Color perception appears at __
months of age

___ months color starts developing fully

infants at __ month scan the perimeter of the face and at __ month they start scanning the actual face

Answer 7

2

1-8

1 month
2 month

Question 8

A Closer Look Infants’ Face Perception
Perceptual narrowing
6-month-olds: discriminate
between __
9-month-olds: ___

Answer 8

infants become face specialists, better at discriminating amongst the kinds of faces that are frequently experienced in their environments.

good at perceiving human and monkey faces,

only human face discrimination
(specialist)

Question 9

Object Perception
Perceptual constancy

Answer 9

Perceive objects as constant size,
shape, color, in spite of physical
differences in retinal image of
object
* Children have size constancy;
experience not necessary

Question 10

Object Perception
Object segregation

Answer 10

Bascically can you seprate ojects. Do you know where an object begins and ends with and wihtout gaps.

Example baby cant tell that if a cup is stacked a plate, it cant tell it two different objects ebacsue it doesnt have experience with those objects

properties; culture also plays a role

Question 11

Object Knowledge
Object Permanence

Answer 11

Object continues to exist
even when no longer in sight
* Not evident from birth

Question 12

• Violation-of- expectancy
  procedure

Answer 12

Infants are shown
an event that should
evoke surprise or
interest.

Question 13

Depth Perception
Optical expansion
It looks like the size of the object is
___ as the object
____

Answer 13

Visual image of an object
increases in size as the object
comes toward us
* Background is occluded

Question 14

Depth Perception
Binocular disparity

Because of the distance in between our eyes
they

Answer 14

Because of the distance in between our eyes
they both send different
signals to the brain

Question 15

Depth Perception
Stereopsis
the closer the object is?

Answer 15

the closer an obejct, the more u can see the difference ebtween the and vise versa

Question 16

Depth Perception
Monocular depth (or
pictorial cues)

Answer 16

*
depth
that can be perceived
by one eye alone

Question 17

Auditory Perception
Hearing is the most ___ of
the newborn senses

Auditory localization

Newborns proficient at
perceiving subtle differences in
___

Answer 17

advanced

Perception of the location in
space of a sound source.

human speech

Question 18

Music Perception
Infant music perception adultlike in some
ways, different in others

Melodic perception;

Perceptual narrowing

Experience plays key role in
development of early ___

Answer 18

sensitivity to musical rhythm

developmental changes in which experience fine-tunes the perceptual system

musical
experiences

Question 19

Taste and Smell
Sensitivity to taste develops
___

Newborns prefer ___flavors
and smell of breast milk.

Young children’s negative reaction
to novel foods may be more
strongly influenced by____

Answer 19

prenatally

sweet

smell than by taste.

Question 20

Touch
Infants learn about their environments
through touch.

__ exploration is dominant

Around the age of __ months:
manual exploration

of their own bodies
are developed

Answer 20

Oral exploration is dominant

four
-Mental maps of their own bodies
are developed

Question 21

Touch
Around 7 months: process locations
at which

Answer 21

other people are touched
(somatosensory cortex)

Question 22

Intermodal Perception
Intermodal perception def.

combining information from
_____

an example as well

Answer 22

combining information from
two or more sensory systems

glass shattering is visual and audotiry

Question 23

Motor Development
Reflexes

Answer 23

Innate fixed, tightly organized patterns of action that occur in response to particular stimulation

Question 24

Motor Milestones
______
differences in the ages
at which these
milestones are
achieved.

Answer 24

Individual and cultural

Question 25

Modern Views of Motor Development
Early pioneers:

Current theorists:
example

Answer 25

infants’ motor development is governed by brain maturation.

motor development
results from merging of many factors

Neural mechanisms
* Increases in infants’ strength
* Posture control
* Balance

Question 26

Modern Views of Motor Development
Important aspect of motor development is
the infant’s discovery of ___.

what is it?example

Answer 26

affordances

the characteristics of an object that indicate how it can be used

for example
to know that small objects allow for it to be picked up vs large objects

Question 27

The Expanding World of the Infant
Reaching
Pre-reaching movements:

What month suscessful reaching? and stable reaching

Answer 27

clumsy swiping movements
towards objects

3 to 4 months: successful
reaching
* 7 months: stable reaching

Question 28

The Expanding World of the Infant
Self-locomotion:

At what month do they explore the eniorment on their own

Answer 28

Self-locomotion: ability to move
oneself around in the environment

• 8 months: exploring environment
  on own; walking improves with
  age and experience

Question 29

The Expanding World of the Infant
Scale errors

Answer 29

Attempts by young children to perform
an action on a miniature object that is
impossible

Question 30

Statistical Learning
Statistical learning
picking up information ___

Statistical learning abilities

Answer 30

picking up information from the environment

have
been measured across numerous
domains, including music, action, and
speech

Question 31

Classical Conditioning
what is it

Answer 31

an unconscious process where an automatic, conditioned response becomes associated with a specific stimulus.

Question 32

Instrumental Conditioning
includes positive reinforcement
def.

Answer 32

Learning the relation
between one’s own
behavior and the
consequences that result
from it

Reward that reliably
follows a behavior and
increases the likelihood
that the behavior will be
repeated

Question 33

Observational Learning/Imitation

Imitation:

Answer 33

Learning through observation or other
people’s behavior

a form of observational
learning

Question 34

Rational Learning and Active Learning
Rational learning

Active learning

Answer 34

Ability to use prior experiences to
predict what will occur in the future

Learning by acting on the world, rather
than passively observing objects and
events

Question 35

Memory
Memory systems available in
early life

12 months old can
maintain up to __ items

Change improves __
during first year

Answer 35

4

rapidly