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Psychology 105 > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is developmental psychology

A

The study of continuity and change in physical, perceptual, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning throughout ones life.

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2
Q

What are the two types of research methods for developmental psychology

A
  • Longitudinal research

- Cross-sectional research

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3
Q

What is longitudinal research?

A

A type of research in which the same group of people are tested over a length of time.

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4
Q

What is cross-sectional research

A

A type of research that compares different groups of people of different ages.

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5
Q

What is a cohort

A

A group who are in a category

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6
Q

What is a disadvantage of cross-sectional research

A

Certain circumstances that only affect one cohort may affect data

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7
Q

What are the three stages of prenatal development

A
  • Germinal
  • Embryotic
  • Fetal
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8
Q

What is a zygote

A

The first cell created when a sperm cell reaches an ovum

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9
Q

Describe the germinal period

A

The zygote moves through the falopian tube to the uterin lining and is implanted to the wall of the uterus

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10
Q

What is the length of the embryonic period

A

2-8 weeks

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11
Q

What can occur during the Fetal period and how long can it last

A

It lasts 8 weeks until birth and the baby can make movements and this is when differences in gender appear

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12
Q

What scenarios cause risks for fathers trying to have children

A
  • If they are over 50
  • If they are teenagers
  • Are exposed to solvents or other chemicals
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13
Q

What are teratogens and give example

A

Teratogens are substances that can cross the placental barrier

  • German measles
  • X-rays or other radioactive or toxic substances
  • STDs
  • Cigarettes
  • Alcohol
  • Other drugs
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14
Q

Describe infancy

A

Stage that begins at birth and lasts until 18-24 months and is a time of rapid, physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development

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15
Q

What type of reflexes do newborns display

A

Reflexes that promote survival

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16
Q

What are reflexes

A

Specific patterns of motor responses triggered by specific sensory stimulation

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17
Q

What is the cephalocaudal rule

A

Tendency for motor skills to emerge in a sequence from the head to feet

18
Q

What is the Proximodistal rule

A

Tendency for motor skills to emerge from the center to peripheral areas

19
Q

What changes occur to the brain in early development

A
  • Axons are coated with myelin
  • The brain triples in weight
  • Neurons become arranged by function
20
Q

What is plasticity

A

Degree to which a developing structure can be changed through experiences

21
Q

What is the sensitive period

A

A period in time when an organism is most sensitive to the experiences they face

22
Q

What is a scheme

A

An internal cognitive structure that gives a person a procedure to follow within a given circumstance. We don’t begin life with many of these.

23
Q

What three processes lead from built-in schemes to complex mental schemes

A

Assimilation
Accommodation
Equilibration

24
Q

What is assimilation

A

Using schemes to make sense of an environment

25
Q

What is accommodation

A

Adjusting a scheme to fit a new environment

26
Q

What is equilibration

A

Balancing assimilation and accommodation to make schemes that suit an environment

27
Q

What are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operations
Formal operations

28
Q

Describe the sensorimotor stage

A

The child learning to coordinate their motor behaviors with sensory experiences

29
Q

Describe the preoperational stage

A

A stage with rapid growth of vocabulary and thoughts are not limited to objects that are physically present, but conservation is not grasped yet.

30
Q

What is conservation

A

If an objects appearance changes, the qualitative aspects of the object stay the same

31
Q

Describe concrete operations

A

Children display observation and can now use previously learned relationships to make new ones (Transitive inferences)

32
Q

Describe formal operations

A

Age 11+, abstract thinking, metacognition, complex thinking

33
Q

What are the limitations of Piaget’s theory

A
  • Overestimate of age differences
  • Vague about the process of change
  • Underestimates the role of social environment
34
Q

Describe a success in early attachment

A

Experiencing a secure social attachment with a caregiver.

35
Q

Describe attatchment

A

The emotional bond the forms between newborns and primary caregivers

36
Q

How does a baby identify who their primary caregiver is

A

The baby identifies whoever responds to their actions the most

37
Q

What is something Mary Ainsworth found

A

Found that across cultures, the mother is mostly the main caregiver and attachment can change over time.

38
Q

What are temperaments

A

Characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity

39
Q

What are Baumrind’s parenting styles

A
  • Permissive
  • Authoritative
  • Neglecting/Uninvolved
  • Authoritarian
40
Q

What were issues with Baumrind’s classification system

A
  • Parents were not always consistent with their children and it depended on context
  • There are cultural differences in parenting

Psychology 105 (12 decks)

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