Week 4 Flashcards
What does the linguistic relatively hypothesis state
Our perception of the world is determined by the language we speak
Give examples of how language affects culture
Languages with more personal pronouns have more individualistic cultures
What experiment did Hyde do and what conclusion did she come to
Made up a stories for children to read and the only difference between the stories are pronouns and the kids said the competence of the wudgemaker character was lower when it was a female, concluding that children had gender sterotypes
What conclusion did experiments on the perception of time come to
That spatial displays affect language and thought
What is thinking
Mentally manipulating words and images to solve problems, form concepts, and make decision
What are concepts
A mental representation that groups or categories share features with other events, objects, or stimuli
What are the three processes that explain transition from built-in schemes to complex mental schemes
Assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration
What is assimilation
Using existing schemes to make sense of events or experiences
What is accommodation
Changing a scheme as a result of new info
What is equilibration
The process of balancing assimilation and accommodation to make schemes that suit an environment
What is the sensorimotor stage
Occurs from birth to two years and kids use sensory and motor schemes to act on the world
What is the preoperational stage
From 2-7 years old, children acquire symbolic schemes such as language and fantasy and they use this to think and communicate
What is the concrete operational stage
From 7-11 years old, children begin to logically problem solve
What is the formal operational stage
After 11 years old, adolescents begin to think logically about abstract ideas and hypothetical situations
What is family resemblance theory
Members of a category have features that are exhibited in other members but not all
What is prototype theory
People make category judgements to by comparing new instances to the categories prototype. The prototype is the best or most typical member of agroup
What is exemplar theory
We make category judgements by looking at other memories within that category
What is category-specific deficit
An inability to recognize objects that belong to a category but may recognize objects outside the category
Where is category-specific processing
Different categories are localized in different areas
Rationale choice theory
We make decisions by how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and multiplying it by 2
What is availability bias
We tend to rely on info that is readily available to us
What is the conjunction fallacy
People believing that two events are more likely to happen together than one on it’s own
What is the representativeness heuristic
A mental shortcut that is made by making a probability judgement associating an object with a prototype of that object or event
What are advantages of heuristics
- We excel at making prototype judgment
- We excel at making classification judgments based on similarity to prototypes
What is a disadvantage to a heuristic
We have a lot of difficulty judging probability
What are framing effects
When people provide different answers for the same problem based on how its presented
What is a sunk-cost fallacy
People make a decision based off of investment.
What is problem solving
The thought process by which a person overcomes an obstacle to reach a goal
What is trial and error
Trying attempts over and over until one works
What is the difference between solutions to insight vs solution to non insight problems
Solutions to non-insight problems tend to be incremental while solutions to insight problems are spontaneous
What is algorithm
A problem solving procedure that assures a solution if done probably. Inefficient
What is a heuristic
Guides problem solving but does not solve it. Efficient
What is a mental-set
A particular problem solving strategy that works well in the past but interferes in solving a problem needing a different strategy
Functional fixedness
Failing to understand an object use in a certain way can solve a problem
