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Psychology 105 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the linguistic relatively hypothesis state

A

Our perception of the world is determined by the language we speak

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2
Q

Give examples of how language affects culture

A

Languages with more personal pronouns have more individualistic cultures

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3
Q

What experiment did Hyde do and what conclusion did she come to

A

Made up a stories for children to read and the only difference between the stories are pronouns and the kids said the competence of the wudgemaker character was lower when it was a female, concluding that children had gender sterotypes

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4
Q

What conclusion did experiments on the perception of time come to

A

That spatial displays affect language and thought

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5
Q

What is thinking

A

Mentally manipulating words and images to solve problems, form concepts, and make decision

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6
Q

What are concepts

A

A mental representation that groups or categories share features with other events, objects, or stimuli

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7
Q

What are the three processes that explain transition from built-in schemes to complex mental schemes

A

Assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration

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8
Q

What is assimilation

A

Using existing schemes to make sense of events or experiences

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9
Q

What is accommodation

A

Changing a scheme as a result of new info

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10
Q

What is equilibration

A

The process of balancing assimilation and accommodation to make schemes that suit an environment

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11
Q

What is the sensorimotor stage

A

Occurs from birth to two years and kids use sensory and motor schemes to act on the world

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12
Q

What is the preoperational stage

A

From 2-7 years old, children acquire symbolic schemes such as language and fantasy and they use this to think and communicate

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13
Q

What is the concrete operational stage

A

From 7-11 years old, children begin to logically problem solve

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14
Q

What is the formal operational stage

A

After 11 years old, adolescents begin to think logically about abstract ideas and hypothetical situations

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15
Q

What is family resemblance theory

A

Members of a category have features that are exhibited in other members but not all

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16
Q

What is prototype theory

A

People make category judgements to by comparing new instances to the categories prototype. The prototype is the best or most typical member of agroup

17
Q

What is exemplar theory

A

We make category judgements by looking at other memories within that category

18
Q

What is category-specific deficit

A

An inability to recognize objects that belong to a category but may recognize objects outside the category

19
Q

Where is category-specific processing

A

Different categories are localized in different areas

20
Q

Rationale choice theory

A

We make decisions by how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and multiplying it by 2

21
Q

What is availability bias

A

We tend to rely on info that is readily available to us

22
Q

What is the conjunction fallacy

A

People believing that two events are more likely to happen together than one on it’s own

23
Q

What is the representativeness heuristic

A

A mental shortcut that is made by making a probability judgement associating an object with a prototype of that object or event

24
Q

What are advantages of heuristics

A
  • We excel at making prototype judgment

- We excel at making classification judgments based on similarity to prototypes

25
Q

What is a disadvantage to a heuristic

A

We have a lot of difficulty judging probability

26
Q

What are framing effects

A

When people provide different answers for the same problem based on how its presented

27
Q

What is a sunk-cost fallacy

A

People make a decision based off of investment.

28
Q

What is problem solving

A

The thought process by which a person overcomes an obstacle to reach a goal

29
Q

What is trial and error

A

Trying attempts over and over until one works

30
Q

What is the difference between solutions to insight vs solution to non insight problems

A

Solutions to non-insight problems tend to be incremental while solutions to insight problems are spontaneous

31
Q

What is algorithm

A

A problem solving procedure that assures a solution if done probably. Inefficient

32
Q

What is a heuristic

A

Guides problem solving but does not solve it. Efficient

33
Q

What is a mental-set

A

A particular problem solving strategy that works well in the past but interferes in solving a problem needing a different strategy

34
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Failing to understand an object use in a certain way can solve a problem

Psychology 105 (12 decks)

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