Week 7 Flashcards
Leukaemia
Overview
stem cells of blood in bone marrow and it spreads to blood stream
Prevalence - Leukaemia
10th most prevalent cancer
Signs and symptoms - Leukaemia
- Bone pain or tenderness
- Easy bleeding or bruising
- Frequent/Severe infection
- Tiny red spots in your skin (petechiae)
- Swollen lymph nodes/enlarged liver or spleen
Risk factors - Leukaemia
genetics
Breathing benzene
Smoking
Precious radiation and chemo
Pathophysiology Leukemia
Mutation of unspecialized stem cells
Diagnosis - leukemia
Physical exam
Blood test
Bone marrow test
Prognosis - leukemia
- age 60+
- WBC more and less
- Chromosome change
- Stage
- Response to treatment and chemo
Lymphoma - Overview
Affects the lymphocyte cells, in the lymph nodes, and spreads through the lymphatic system
Signs and symptoms - lymphoma
Swollen Lymph Nodes (both HL & NHL depending on location)
Fatigue (both HL & NHL)
Rash/Itchy skin (both)
B symptoms (night sweats, unexplained weight loss, unexplained fever) (only HL)
Risk factors - lymphoma
Weakened immune system - NHL
Autoimmune disorders - NHL
Certain infections - NHL
Long-term infection with the Epstein-Barr virus - HL
HIV infection - HL
Genetics (specifically first degree relatives)
Previous cancer treatment - NHL
Pathophysiology - lymphoma
Hodgkins —> B cells mutations
Non Hodgkin—> B,T & Natural killer cells mutations
Diagnosis - lymphoma
physical exam
Biopsy
Imaging
Prognosis - lymphoma
Age (45+ HL, 60+ NHL)
Stage (Stage 3, stage 4)
Spread to areas outside the lymph nodes
B symptoms present
Low hemoglobin levels
Colorectal cancer
- Overview
common cancer
Cluster of cells
Chronic
Prevalence - Colorectal cancer
3rd most common cancer
Death has dropped in past 30 years
Risk factors - Colorectal cancer
smoking
Alcohol
Men
Sedentary
Signs and symptoms - colorectal cancer
abdominal fluid
Weight change
Enlarged liver
Jaundice
Pathophysiology - colorectal cancer
dna —> cells live —> Tumor
Etiology - colorectal cancer
genetic
Lifestyle
Personal
Environmental
Diagnostic - colorectal cancer
stool
Biopsy
Colonoscopy
Prognosis - colorectal cancer
Rectal
stage 1 - 91%
Stage 2 - 79%
Stage 3 - 74%
Stage 4 - 13%
Colon
stage 1 - 92%
Stage 2 - 88%
Stage 3 - 68%
Stage 4 - 11%
Lung cancer - Overview
lung Tumor in cells
Prevalence - lung cancer
1 in 4
Signs and symptoms - lung cancer
- Coughing up blood
- Lost appetite
- No voice
Pathophysiology - lung cancer
- Blocked airways
- Low oxygen levels
- Fluid accumulation
Etiology and risk factors - lung cancer
- radon
- Second hand smoke
Diagnosis - lung cancer
- imaging
- Cytology of sputum
- Biopsy
Prognosis - lung cancer
- overall health
- Sex
- Weight
- Performance status
- Stage
Breast cancer
Overview
originates from tissue growth cells in breast
Prevalence - breast cancer
women Over 50
Risk factors breast cancer
- early puberty and late menopause
- Woman
- Obesity
Signs and symptoms - breast cancer
breast lump
Size of breast
Peeling scaling of skin
Etiology breast cancer
No cause
Pathophysiology - breast cancer
breast tissue
Lymphatic system
Chest wall
Skin
Nipple
Diagnosis - breast cancer
mammogram
Breast mri
Core needle biopsy
Prognosis - breast cancer
stage
size
Hormone receptors
