Myocardial Infraction

Question 1

Overview of MI

Answer 1

–> known as heart attack
–> Mainly due to underlying coronary artery disease.
–>When the coronary artery is occluded, the myocardium is deprived of oxygen

Question 2

Prevelance of MI

Answer 2

–> more common in men
–> men 45+ and women 55+
–> adults have previously had a heart attack

Question 3

Etiology of MI

Answer 3

most common cause is CAD (including coronary spasm)

Blood clot/thrombus (reduces/blocks blood supply)

Question 4

Pathophysiology of MI

Answer 4

1) Arterial spasm
2) Arterial obstruction/occlusion
3) Reduced blood supply, increased oxygen demand
4) Ischemia of cardiac muscle
5) Necrosis (irreversible or cell death) of cardiac muscle within 20-40 mins

→ atherosclerosis, plaque rupture/thrombosis along with arterial spasm cause this process

Question 5

Risk factors of MI

Modifiable?
Non-modifiable?

Answer 5

MODIFIABLE- smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, stress.

NON MODIFIABLE- age, family/medical history, south asian and african heritage

Question 6

Diagnosis of MI

Answer 6

ECG/EKG (electrocardiogram)

blood tests

chest X-ray

Echocardiogram

cardiac CT/ catheterization

heart MRI

Question 7

Prognosis of MI

Immediate outcome?

Long term outcomes?

Answer 7

IMMEDIATE OUTCOMES:
1) Morality: the risk of death is highest in the first hours to days after an Mi.
2) Complications: arrhythmias, heart failure, and cardiogenic shock.

LONG TERM OUTCOMES:
1) Survival rates: depend on factors such as age, overall health, and risk factors.
2) Recurrent Events: Patients who had an MI are at a higher risk for subsequent heart attacks and cardiovascular events.

Question 8

Signs and symptoms of MI

Answer 8

• sudden crushing, radiating chest pain (can radiate to the arm, jaw & chin)
• Shortness of breath
• Irregular heartbeat or palpitation
• dizziness
• fatigue
• diaphoresis

Question 9

Goals of rehab for MI

Answer 9

3 stages:
1) Inpatient - up to 2 weeks
2) Combination in/outpatient - up to 28 days
3) Outpatient - continues for whole life

Specific goals:
- get back to daily routine and improve quality of life
- lower recurrence
- slow progression and reduce symptoms

Question 10

What kind of myocardial infarction leads to the complete loss of blood flow?

A.Non-STEMI MI

B.TS- MI

C.ST-NON STEMI MI

D.ST-elevation MI

Answer 10

D. ST-elevation MI

Question 11

Which of the following is the main underlying cause of myocardial infraction (MI)

A.CAD

B.COPD

C.Stoke

D.PVD

Answer 11

A. CAD