Week 6 Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What other hypothalamic nuclei does the ARC neurones communicate with?

A

Paraventricular nucleus
Dorsomedial nucleus
Lateral hypothalamus
Ventromedial nucleus

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2
Q

What are the ARC neuronal population that regulate food intake?

A

Orexigenic neuropeptide Y/ agouti-related peptide neurons
Anorexigenic pro-opiomelanocorticon
Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript neurons

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3
Q

What has been shown to be important in regulating food intake?

A

Brainstem

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4
Q

What is involved in ingestive behaviour?

A

Casual brainstem

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5
Q

What is the dorsal vagal complex ?

A

Facilitate communication between periphery and hypothalamus to control food intake

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6
Q

What is an important role of vagus?

A

Transmission of afferent and efferent neural signals between gastrointestinal system and nucleus of tractus solitarus in the DVC

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7
Q

What is the corticolimbic system involved in?

A

Learning
Liking
Wanting

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8
Q

What is the homeostatic control of food intake strongly related to?

A

Hedonism
Reward
Food experiences

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9
Q

What structures does the corticolimbic system consist of?

A
Prefrontal cortex
Nucleus accumbens
Ventral stratium
Hippocampus 
Amygdala
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10
Q

What modulates the homeostatic appetite system?

A

Non-homeostatic influences from corticolimbic system

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11
Q

What does the gut-brain axis modulate?

A

Short-term satiety

Hunger responses

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12
Q

What does the gut-brain axis modulate the delivery of?

A

Nutrients and transit of nutrients thigh the GI tract

Enable efficient digestion and storage of energy

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13
Q

What are the other roles of brain-gut axis?

A
Regulation of:
Blood glucose levels 
Adipocyte function 
Energy expenditure 
Maintenance of energy homeostasis following a meal
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14
Q

What is directly and indirectly relayed to the DVC and corticolimbic system?

A

Gustatory fibres of cranial neves VII, IX, X
Olfactory fibres of cranial nerve I
Sensory fibres of cranial nerve V

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15
Q

What is afferent vagus nerve mechanoreceptors sensitive to?

A

Gastric and gut infra-luminal distension

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16
Q

What is chemoreceptors sensitive to?

A

Variety of intra-luminal chemical stimuli

17
Q

What does the neuroendocrine system consist of?

A
  1. Gut endocrine cells

2. Enteric nervous system

18
Q

What does the gut endocrine cells located?

A

Gut mucosa

19
Q

What does the enteric nervous system contain?

A

Peptidergic
Serotonergic
Nitric oxide - containing nerves

20
Q

What does the neuroendocrine system of gut regulate?

A
Motility 
Secretion
Absorption 
Microcirculation in the gut 
Local immune defence 
Cell proliferation
21
Q

How many types of endocrine cells in the GI tract?

22
Q

Why does the gut endocrine cells secrete signalling substances into lamina propria of gut lining?

A

Exert their autocrine and paracrine function

23
Q

What is the autocrine function?

A

Hormones released by cell and bind onto itself and alter its own

24
Q

What is the paracrine function?

A

Hormones released by cells and bind to other cells and alter their function

25
What is the important role of gut hormone?
Coordinate digestive process within GI tract
26
What is cholecystokinin (CCK)?
Regulate appetite Secreted; enteroendocrine I cells of small intestine Promote fat and protein digestion
27
What is the effect of cholecystokinin?
Increase satiety via cholecystokinin 1 (CCK1) receptors on: Vagus afferent Brain stem Hypothalamus
28
What is ghrelin?
Hunger hormone | Secreted: A cells (gastric fundus)
29
What is the effect of ghrelin?
Increase gastric motility Decrease fat utilisation Stimulate growth hormone release
30
What is peptide YY?
Pancreatic polypeptide Family: neuropeptide Y and pancreatic polypeptide Bind to Y family of receptors (Y2 receptors) Secreted: L cells of GI tract
31
When is there a low level of Peptide YY?
Fasting
32
What is Glucagon?
Pancreatic hormone | Produced: preproglucagon precursor in the alpha cells of pancreas
33
What is the effect of glucagon?
Main blood glucose levels during fasting and exercise | Promote: glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
34
What has anorectic properties and promote satiety?
Glucagon
35
What is neurotensin?
Identified as CNS neurotransmitter Secreted: N cells of GI tract Regulate a number of digestive processes
36
What is neurotensin involved in?
Acute reducing food intake