Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

System Neuroscience > Week 11: Higher Cognitive Functions > Flashcards

Week 11: Higher Cognitive Functions Flashcards

1
Q

What does asymmetry provide us with?

A

Language and other higher cognitive specialisations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many lobes is the cerebral cortex/cerebrum divided into?

A

4 lobes - each lobe has specific location and functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 lobes?

A

Frontal lobe: thinking, conceptualisation, planning Parietal lobe: movement, orientation, calculation, recognition Occipital lobe: visual perception Temporal lobe: sound, speech processing, aspect of memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Location: back of the brain Role: visual processing centre Primary visual cortex (Brodmann area 17) - important role in processing visual information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the clinical symptoms?

A

Cortical blindness (visual agnosia) Lack colour discrimination Homonymous hemianopsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Homonymous Hemianopsia?

A

Visual field loss that respects the vertical midline (affect both eyes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

Impairment in the recognition of visually presented objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the occipital lobe injury test?

A

1) colour matching test 2) recognition of famous people from abstract image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Location: above occipital lobe and behind frontal lobe Role: integrate sensory information through various senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Left parietal lobe?

A

Gerstmann’s Syndrome
- right left confusion - difficulty writing - maths and language problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Right Parietal Lobe

A
  • neglect part of body and space (impair dressing and washing) - difficulty making things
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is hemispatial neglect?

A

Neglect the left side of visual field Neglect is more prominent and long-lasting after damage to the right hemisphere of the human brain (stroke)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the parietal lobe injury test?

A

1) Kimura Box test (sensorimotor task) 2) two-point discrimination test (somatosensory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Location: side of the brain, below frontal and parietal lobes Role: processing sensory input into derived meaning for memory, language and emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Left temporal lobe

A

Language; disturb recognition of words (wernicke’s aphasia) Memory; impaired memory for verbal material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Right temporal lobe

A

Language: cause persistent talking Memory; impaired memory for non-verbal material (e.g. music and drawing) Prosopagnosia (face blindnesss) - inability to recognise faces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the test for temporal lobe injury test?

A

1) Wechsler Memory scale - revised (verbal memory) 2) Rey-complex figure (visual memory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Location: front of brain, in front of Parietal and temporal lobe Role: emotional control centre and home to own personality: Motor function (e.g. loss of fine movement and strength of arms, hands and fingers) Spontaneity (e.g. little spontaneous facial expression) Language: e.g. Broca’s aphasia Problem solving, Memory, judgement, impulse control, social behaviour and sexual behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Left frontal lobe

A

Pseudo-depression Language-related movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Right frontal lobe

A

Pseudo psychopatic syndrome Non-verbal abilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the frontal lobe injury test?

A

1) Wisconsin card sorting (divergent thinking) 2) finger tapping ( motor skills) - count average number of finger tap in a 10 second interval 3) token test (language skills)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What two tasks can domestic chicks perform simultaneously?

A

Find food (right eye discriminate grain from background) Be vigilant for predators (left eye monitor overhead predator)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Marmosets with weaker hand preference

A

Slower to react to a predator than those with a stronger hand preference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fruit flies with an asymmetrical brain structure

A

Better to generate and retrieved long term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What did Paul Broca describe?

A

Patient understand language, but could not speak Could Whistle, utter few words, sing lyrics of melody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What did Paul Broca post-mortem show?

A

Lesion in the posterior region of frontal lobe (Broca’s area; Brodmann area 44 and 45)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What did Karl Wernicke describe?

A

Patient could speak but not understand language Ability to speak, hear instability to use or understand sentences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What did Karl Wernicke post-Mortem show,

A

Lesion in the rear Parietal/temporal region of the left brain hemisphere (wernicke’s area; Brodmann area 22)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the types of Aphasia ?

A

Global aphasia Mixed transcortical Broca’s Transcortical motor Wernicke’s Transcortical sensory Conduction Anomic

30
Q

What is the WADA test?

A

1) hold both hands up and start counting 2) inject the dye into left common carotid artery and use angiogram to check which blood vessels will be affected 3) inject barbiturate (e.g. sodium amobarbital) into left common carotid artery 4) left hand drop and lose speech. Right hand still raised because left hemisphere control right Limbs and speech 5) once barbiturate quickly wears off, use of left ya d and speech is returned

31
Q

Why is left hemisphere dominant?

A

Speech and short term memory in left hemisphere

32
Q

What are the current techniques for functional neuroimaging?

A

Electroencephalography (EEG) - electrical activity Positron emission tomography (PET) - metabolic (18-Fluro-deoxy-glucose) - blood flow Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) -cerebral blood flow, blood flow, oxyhemoglobin vs deoxyhemoglobin ratio

33
Q

Reacting a heard word

A

1) auditory cortex (hear the sound) 2) wernicke’s area (formulate what we are going to say) 3) Broca’s area (execute the plan of speech) 4) motor cortex (activation of speech)

34
Q

Speaking a written word

A

1) visual cortex (read the word) 2) Angular gyrus (convert visual into auditory cortex) 3) Wernicke’s area (formulate what we are going to say) 4) Broca’s area ( execute the plan of speech) 5) Motor cortex ( activation of speech)

35
Q

What are the neurotransmitters for the neurochemistry of speech and language disorder?

A

Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine

36
Q

Dopamine

A

Parkinson disease Deficit in: Fluency Syntactic comprehension Prefrontal attentional Control Clarity and volume

37
Q

What is improved in Parkinson’s patients?

A

Verbal

Fluency on levodopa

38
Q

What is an example of dopamine D2 receptor agonist?

A

Bromocriptine

39
Q

What does Bromocriptine improve?

A

Verbal fluency in Transcortical motor aphasia

40
Q

Serotonin

A

Decreased levels are associated with depression Depression are associated with aphasia

41
Q

What is an example of SSRI?

A

Fluvoxamine

42
Q

What happens to children born to mothers using SSRI during pregnancy?

A

Greater risk of speech and language disorders

43
Q

What has SSRI shown to improve?

A

Fluent aphasia (flow but no comprehension) or non-fluent aphasia (halting and effortful)

44
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Found throughout the nervous system Greater cholinergic activity in left hemisphere than right (left temporal lobe)

45
Q

What is an example of anticholinergic agent?

A

Scopolamine

46
Q

What does scopolamine impair?

A

Verbal memory skills of storage, retrieval and working memory

47
Q

What has significant anticholinergic effects?

A

Tricyclic antidepressants

48
Q

What is an example of anticholinesterase inhibitor?

A

Galanthamine

49
Q

What does Galanthamine improve?

A

Naming, auditory comprehension and verbal memory in individuals with fluent aphasia

50
Q

What are Robert Plutchick’s 8 primary emotions?

A

1)Anger 2) Fear 3) Sadness 4) Disgust 5) Surprise 6) Anticipation 7) Trust 8) Joy

51
Q

What has the brain have capacity to do?

A

Learn and remember emotional significance of a variety of stimuli and events (emotional valence)

52
Q

Intrinsic attractiveness

A

Positive valence -joy

53
Q

Aversness

A

Negative valence - anger/fear

54
Q

What is a key limbic structure in emotional memory/expression?

A

Amygdala

55
Q

What does lesion of amygdala cause?

A

Difficult learning association between stimuli and emotional states

56
Q

What does the connections between cortical regions to subcortical limbic structures do?

A

Enable direct influence of complex sensory information in cortex to directly influence the limbic system

57
Q

What does disruption to this connection cause (e.g. frontal lobe lesion)?

A

Inappropriate emotional and social behaviour in absence of intellectual deficits

58
Q

What does cortex consist of?

A

Prefrontal and temporal cortex

59
Q

What does limbic system consist of?

A

Hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus

60
Q

What does the Brainstem autonomic nuclei consist of?

A

Parabrachial Nucleus, n. Solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus

61
Q

Cell bodies of dopamine system

A

Central tegmental area and substantia nigra

62
Q

Cell bodies of serotonin system

A

Raphe Nucleus

63
Q

Cell bodies of noradrenaline system

A

Locus coeruleus

64
Q

What are 2 different types of primary injury?

A

Focal injury and diffuse injury

65
Q

Focal injury

A

Coup (at site) Contrecoup (opposite side)

66
Q

Diffuse injury

A

Diffuse axonal injury (widespread injury) Major cause of unconsciousness and persistent vegetative state

67
Q

What do traumatic brain injury patients have problems controlling?

A

Own emotions (emotional lability) and recognising emotions of others

68
Q

What are the physical reasons of emotions?

A

1) damage to the frontal lobes and limbic system which control our emotions and behaviour 2) frustrated with the effect of their injury

69
Q

What are the psychosocial reasons for emotions?

A

1) communication 2) attention 3) memory 4) problem solving 5) personality changes 6) loss of inhibition

70
Q

What is used to measure emotion recognition and neuropsychological functioning?

A

Complex Audio-Visual Emotion Assessment Task (CAVEAT)

System Neuroscience (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions