Week 11: Higher Cognitive Functions Flashcards

1
Q

What does asymmetry provide us with?

A

Language and other higher cognitive specialisations

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2
Q

How many lobes is the cerebral cortex/cerebrum divided into?

A

4 lobes - each lobe has specific location and functions

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3
Q

What are the 4 lobes?

A

Frontal lobe: thinking, conceptualisation, planning Parietal lobe: movement, orientation, calculation, recognition Occipital lobe: visual perception Temporal lobe: sound, speech processing, aspect of memory

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4
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Location: back of the brain Role: visual processing centre Primary visual cortex (Brodmann area 17) - important role in processing visual information

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5
Q

What are the clinical symptoms?

A

Cortical blindness (visual agnosia) Lack colour discrimination Homonymous hemianopsia

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6
Q

What is Homonymous Hemianopsia?

A

Visual field loss that respects the vertical midline (affect both eyes)

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7
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

Impairment in the recognition of visually presented objects

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8
Q

What is the occipital lobe injury test?

A

1) colour matching test 2) recognition of famous people from abstract image

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9
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Location: above occipital lobe and behind frontal lobe Role: integrate sensory information through various senses

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10
Q

Left parietal lobe?

A

Gerstmann’s Syndrome
- right left confusion - difficulty writing - maths and language problems

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11
Q

Right Parietal Lobe

A
  • neglect part of body and space (impair dressing and washing) - difficulty making things
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12
Q

What is hemispatial neglect?

A

Neglect the left side of visual field Neglect is more prominent and long-lasting after damage to the right hemisphere of the human brain (stroke)

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13
Q

What is the parietal lobe injury test?

A

1) Kimura Box test (sensorimotor task) 2) two-point discrimination test (somatosensory)

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14
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Location: side of the brain, below frontal and parietal lobes Role: processing sensory input into derived meaning for memory, language and emotion

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15
Q

Left temporal lobe

A

Language; disturb recognition of words (wernicke’s aphasia) Memory; impaired memory for verbal material

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16
Q

Right temporal lobe

A

Language: cause persistent talking Memory; impaired memory for non-verbal material (e.g. music and drawing) Prosopagnosia (face blindnesss) - inability to recognise faces

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17
Q

What are the test for temporal lobe injury test?

A

1) Wechsler Memory scale - revised (verbal memory) 2) Rey-complex figure (visual memory)

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18
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Location: front of brain, in front of Parietal and temporal lobe Role: emotional control centre and home to own personality: Motor function (e.g. loss of fine movement and strength of arms, hands and fingers) Spontaneity (e.g. little spontaneous facial expression) Language: e.g. Broca’s aphasia Problem solving, Memory, judgement, impulse control, social behaviour and sexual behaviour

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19
Q

Left frontal lobe

A

Pseudo-depression Language-related movements

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20
Q

Right frontal lobe

A

Pseudo psychopatic syndrome Non-verbal abilities

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21
Q

What is the frontal lobe injury test?

A

1) Wisconsin card sorting (divergent thinking) 2) finger tapping ( motor skills) - count average number of finger tap in a 10 second interval 3) token test (language skills)

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22
Q

What two tasks can domestic chicks perform simultaneously?

A

Find food (right eye discriminate grain from background) Be vigilant for predators (left eye monitor overhead predator)

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23
Q

Marmosets with weaker hand preference

A

Slower to react to a predator than those with a stronger hand preference

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24
Q

Fruit flies with an asymmetrical brain structure

A

Better to generate and retrieved long term memory

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25
What did Paul Broca describe?
Patient understand language, but could not speak Could Whistle, utter few words, sing lyrics of melody
26
What did Paul Broca post-mortem show?
Lesion in the posterior region of frontal lobe (Broca’s area; Brodmann area 44 and 45)
27
What did Karl Wernicke describe?
Patient could speak but not understand language Ability to speak, hear instability to use or understand sentences
28
What did Karl Wernicke post-Mortem show,
Lesion in the rear Parietal/temporal region of the left brain hemisphere (wernicke’s area; Brodmann area 22)
29
What are the types of Aphasia ?
Global aphasia Mixed transcortical Broca’s Transcortical motor Wernicke’s Transcortical sensory Conduction Anomic
30
What is the WADA test?
1) hold both hands up and start counting 2) inject the dye into left common carotid artery and use angiogram to check which blood vessels will be affected 3) inject barbiturate (e.g. sodium amobarbital) into left common carotid artery 4) left hand drop and lose speech. Right hand still raised because left hemisphere control right Limbs and speech 5) once barbiturate quickly wears off, use of left ya d and speech is returned
31
Why is left hemisphere dominant?
Speech and short term memory in left hemisphere
32
What are the current techniques for functional neuroimaging?
Electroencephalography (EEG) - electrical activity Positron emission tomography (PET) - metabolic (18-Fluro-deoxy-glucose) - blood flow Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) -cerebral blood flow, blood flow, oxyhemoglobin vs deoxyhemoglobin ratio
33
Reacting a heard word
1) auditory cortex (hear the sound) 2) wernicke’s area (formulate what we are going to say) 3) Broca’s area (execute the plan of speech) 4) motor cortex (activation of speech)
34
Speaking a written word
1) visual cortex (read the word) 2) Angular gyrus (convert visual into auditory cortex) 3) Wernicke’s area (formulate what we are going to say) 4) Broca’s area ( execute the plan of speech) 5) Motor cortex ( activation of speech)
35
What are the neurotransmitters for the neurochemistry of speech and language disorder?
Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine
36
Dopamine
Parkinson disease Deficit in: Fluency Syntactic comprehension Prefrontal attentional Control Clarity and volume
37
What is improved in Parkinson’s patients?
Verbal | Fluency on levodopa
38
What is an example of dopamine D2 receptor agonist?
Bromocriptine
39
What does Bromocriptine improve?
Verbal fluency in Transcortical motor aphasia
40
Serotonin
Decreased levels are associated with depression Depression are associated with aphasia
41
What is an example of SSRI?
Fluvoxamine
42
What happens to children born to mothers using SSRI during pregnancy?
Greater risk of speech and language disorders
43
What has SSRI shown to improve?
Fluent aphasia (flow but no comprehension) or non-fluent aphasia (halting and effortful)
44
Acetylcholine
Found throughout the nervous system Greater cholinergic activity in left hemisphere than right (left temporal lobe)
45
What is an example of anticholinergic agent?
Scopolamine
46
What does scopolamine impair?
Verbal memory skills of storage, retrieval and working memory
47
What has significant anticholinergic effects?
Tricyclic antidepressants
48
What is an example of anticholinesterase inhibitor?
Galanthamine
49
What does Galanthamine improve?
Naming, auditory comprehension and verbal memory in individuals with fluent aphasia
50
What are Robert Plutchick’s 8 primary emotions?
1)Anger 2) Fear 3) Sadness 4) Disgust 5) Surprise 6) Anticipation 7) Trust 8) Joy
51
What has the brain have capacity to do?
Learn and remember emotional significance of a variety of stimuli and events (emotional valence)
52
Intrinsic attractiveness
Positive valence -joy
53
Aversness
Negative valence - anger/fear
54
What is a key limbic structure in emotional memory/expression?
Amygdala
55
What does lesion of amygdala cause?
Difficult learning association between stimuli and emotional states
56
What does the connections between cortical regions to subcortical limbic structures do?
Enable direct influence of complex sensory information in cortex to directly influence the limbic system
57
What does disruption to this connection cause (e.g. frontal lobe lesion)?
Inappropriate emotional and social behaviour in absence of intellectual deficits
58
What does cortex consist of?
Prefrontal and temporal cortex
59
What does limbic system consist of?
Hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
60
What does the Brainstem autonomic nuclei consist of?
Parabrachial Nucleus, n. Solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
61
Cell bodies of dopamine system
Central tegmental area and substantia nigra
62
Cell bodies of serotonin system
Raphe Nucleus
63
Cell bodies of noradrenaline system
Locus coeruleus
64
What are 2 different types of primary injury?
Focal injury and diffuse injury
65
Focal injury
Coup (at site) Contrecoup (opposite side)
66
Diffuse injury
Diffuse axonal injury (widespread injury) Major cause of unconsciousness and persistent vegetative state
67
What do traumatic brain injury patients have problems controlling?
Own emotions (emotional lability) and recognising emotions of others
68
What are the physical reasons of emotions?
1) damage to the frontal lobes and limbic system which control our emotions and behaviour 2) frustrated with the effect of their injury
69
What are the psychosocial reasons for emotions?
1) communication 2) attention 3) memory 4) problem solving 5) personality changes 6) loss of inhibition
70
What is used to measure emotion recognition and neuropsychological functioning?
Complex Audio-Visual Emotion Assessment Task (CAVEAT)