Week 11 Pt 2

Question 1

What does decision making involve?

Answer 1

Emotions, reasons, cultures and belief, senses, memory etc

Question 2

What does decision-making consist of?

Answer 2

Senses Parietal lobe (integration of sensory input) Hippocampus (memory) Limbic system (amygdala) Frontal lobe (planning, reasoning and judgement)

Question 3

What are two key players in decision making?

Answer 3

Memory and emotion

Question 4

What provides strong and weak evidence for decision?

Answer 4

Strong evidence - clear images Weak evidence - nosy images

Question 5

What did images of face and house activate?

Answer 5

Separate sensory regions of ventral temporal cortex

Question 6

What was clarity of face and house images in proportion to?

Answer 6

Magnitude of brain activation

Question 7

For a brain region to be involved in a decision, what does it need?

Answer 7

1) area should be most active when evidence is greatest, so easy decision 2) magnitude of area activity should correlate with sensory evidence pass to visual system

Question 8

What integrates the neural evidence used to make decision?

Answer 8

Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the superior frontal sulcus

Question 9

What provides the memory part of decision making?

Answer 9

Hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 10

What plays an important role in impaired decision making?

Answer 10

Defect in emotion and feelings

Question 11

What provides the emotion part of decision making?

Answer 11

Amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 12

When is decision made?

Answer 12

when we are conscious

Question 13

What helps people make smarter choices?

Answer 13

15-minutes of mindfulness meditation

Question 14

Define consciousness

Answer 14

The quality or state of being aware especially of something within oneself

Question 15

What are the different levels of consciousness?

Answer 15

Conscious wakefulness Drowsiness Light sleep Deep sleep General anasthesia Coma

Question 16

What is light-headedness broadly equivalent to?

Answer 16

Being drunk

Question 17

What is unconsciousness broadly equivalent to?

Answer 17

Sleep

Question 18

What is failure to respond to pain broadly equivalent to?

Answer 18

Unconsciousness

Question 19

What are the seat of consciousness?

Answer 19

Lateral prefrontal cortex Posterior Parietal cortex Thalamus

Question 20

Lateral prefrontal cortex

Answer 20

Responsible for high-level complex thought

Question 21

Posterior Parietal cortex

Answer 21

responsible for high-level complex thought

Question 22

What is the hallmark of consciousness?

Answer 22

The combination of all information between 3 regions

Question 23

How does the Brain combine all the different sensory information and merge it into a single person-object?

Answer 23

Global workspace theory

Question 24

What is the Global workspace theory?

Answer 24

Integrates all senses into a single picture and filter out conflicting information

Question 25

What is information integration theory?

Answer 25

Consciousness is combining data together so that it is more than the sum of its parts

Question 26

How many ms are the neural activity in frontal lobes detected?

Answer 26

300ms when conscious of stimuli

Question 27

How we minimise neural conflicts?

Answer 27

The brain combine the two monocular input into a coherent binocular image

Question 28

What does concussion involve?

Answer 28

Loss of consciousness. Amnesia Blurry vision Period of confusion

Question 29

What are clinical criteria for TBI severity?

Answer 29

Duration and alteration of consciousness

Question 30

What is neurologic unconsciousness?

Answer 30

Paralytic coma

Question 31

Paralytic coma

Answer 31

A form of brain dysfunction involving the global hemispheres and/or deep brain structures

Question 32

What governs sleep and wake cycles?

Answer 32

Reticular activating system

Question 33

When are patients considered neurologically conscious ?

Answer 33

When a higher level of function as observed in minimally conscious state

Question 34

What is meditation?

Answer 34

A large variety of mental practices involving changes in the state and contents of consciousness

Question 35

Mindfulness meditation

Answer 35

Eyes closed, cross-legged, back straight, attention on breathing in and out

Question 36

Mantra meditation

Answer 36

Eyes closed, cross-legged, back straight, fiddling all thoughts to “still the mind”

Question 37

Yoga

Answer 37

A series of postures for strength and flexibility, and breathing

Question 38

Tai chai

Answer 38

A series of slow movements and abdominal breathing

Question 39

Chi gong

Answer 39

Physical postures, breathing and focused intention

Question 40

What is higher state of consciousness somewhere in between?

Answer 40

Waking, sleeping, dreaming

Question 41

What does physiological changes during meditation differ from?

Answer 41

Sleep, hypnosis

Question 42

What does attaining higher state of consciousness require?

Answer 42

Learn to let go

Question 43

What happens when you meditate?

Answer 43

Your consciousness opens, and you get physically, mentally and spiritually elevated; life truly becomes worth living

Question 44

What does mindfulness meditation do?

Answer 44

Reduce stress Increase cognition Increase physical health Increase mental health

Question 45

What are the study types of meditation?

Answer 45

Animal studies Self-reporting studies Cross-sectional study Longitudinal design study (e.g. observe beginner undergoing relaxation training at severe time points)

Question 46

Attention control

Answer 46

Anterior cingulate cortex and stratium

Question 47

Emotional regulation

Answer 47

Multiple prefrontal regions, limbic regions and stratium

Question 48

self-awareness

Answer 48

Insula, medial prefrontal cortex and Posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus

Question 49

Anterior cingulate cortex

Answer 49

Self-regulation of attention and emotion Enhanced ACC activity during breath awareness

Question 50

Pre-frontal cortex

Answer 50

Attention and emotion Enhanced activity of PFC during meditation

Question 51

Posterior cingulate cortex

Answer 51

Self-awareness Decrease PCC activity during meditation

Question 52

Insula

Answer 52

Awareness and emotion Enhanced Insula activity when exposed to emotional sounds

Question 53

Stratium

Answer 53

Regulation of attention and emotion Lower caudate Nucleus activation in response to reward anticipation

Question 54

Amygdala

Answer 54

Emotional processing Decreased Amygdala activation in response to negative self-belief statements

Question 55

Caudate putamen

Answer 55

Attentional disengagement from irrelevant information

Question 56

Entorhinal cortex

Answer 56

Control mental stream of thoughts and possibly stop mind wandering

Question 57

Medial prefrontal cortex

Answer 57

Enhance self-awareness during mediation

Question 58

What is 11C-raclopride in PET scan?

Answer 58

D2 dopamine receptor antagonist

Question 59

What indicates Increase endogenous dopamine release during relaxation meditation ?

Answer 59

Decrease in 11C-raclopride binding in central stratium

Question 60

What neurotransmitter is a key for motivation, productivity and focus?

Answer 60

Dopamine

Question 61

What is increased in EEG during meditation?

Answer 61

Theta (frontal and temporal lobe) Alpha (posterior)

Question 62

What activity is associated with wakeful and relaxed attention?

Answer 62

Electrical brain wave activity

Question 63

Meditation

Answer 63

Conscious mental process Controlling emotions Enhance attention processes

Question 64

What does meditation for mild TBI improve?

Answer 64

Quality of life Memory Depression and attention after 10-12 weeks training

Question 65

What can practising acceptance help TBI patients to deal with?

Answer 65

Negative self image

Question 66

What is one of the most helpful attitudes to bring to mindfulness?

Answer 66

Acceptance

Question 67

Second arrow

Answer 67

Avoidance may work immediately short term but avoidance fails in the mental and emotional realm