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System Neuroscience > Week 11 Pt 2 > Flashcards

Week 11 Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does decision making involve?

A

Emotions, reasons, cultures and belief, senses, memory etc

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2
Q

What does decision-making consist of?

A

Senses Parietal lobe (integration of sensory input) Hippocampus (memory) Limbic system (amygdala) Frontal lobe (planning, reasoning and judgement)

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3
Q

What are two key players in decision making?

A

Memory and emotion

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4
Q

What provides strong and weak evidence for decision?

A

Strong evidence - clear images Weak evidence - nosy images

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5
Q

What did images of face and house activate?

A

Separate sensory regions of ventral temporal cortex

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6
Q

What was clarity of face and house images in proportion to?

A

Magnitude of brain activation

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7
Q

For a brain region to be involved in a decision, what does it need?

A

1) area should be most active when evidence is greatest, so easy decision 2) magnitude of area activity should correlate with sensory evidence pass to visual system

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8
Q

What integrates the neural evidence used to make decision?

A

Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the superior frontal sulcus

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9
Q

What provides the memory part of decision making?

A

Hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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10
Q

What plays an important role in impaired decision making?

A

Defect in emotion and feelings

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11
Q

What provides the emotion part of decision making?

A

Amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex

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12
Q

When is decision made?

A

when we are conscious

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13
Q

What helps people make smarter choices?

A

15-minutes of mindfulness meditation

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14
Q

Define consciousness

A

The quality or state of being aware especially of something within oneself

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15
Q

What are the different levels of consciousness?

A

Conscious wakefulness Drowsiness Light sleep Deep sleep General anasthesia Coma

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16
Q

What is light-headedness broadly equivalent to?

A

Being drunk

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17
Q

What is unconsciousness broadly equivalent to?

A

Sleep

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18
Q

What is failure to respond to pain broadly equivalent to?

A

Unconsciousness

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19
Q

What are the seat of consciousness?

A

Lateral prefrontal cortex Posterior Parietal cortex Thalamus

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20
Q

Lateral prefrontal cortex

A

Responsible for high-level complex thought

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21
Q

Posterior Parietal cortex

A

responsible for high-level complex thought

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22
Q

What is the hallmark of consciousness?

A

The combination of all information between 3 regions

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23
Q

How does the Brain combine all the different sensory information and merge it into a single person-object?

A

Global workspace theory

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24
Q

What is the Global workspace theory?

A

Integrates all senses into a single picture and filter out conflicting information

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25
Q

What is information integration theory?

A

Consciousness is combining data together so that it is more than the sum of its parts

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26
Q

How many ms are the neural activity in frontal lobes detected?

A

300ms when conscious of stimuli

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27
Q

How we minimise neural conflicts?

A

The brain combine the two monocular input into a coherent binocular image

28
Q

What does concussion involve?

A

Loss of consciousness. Amnesia Blurry vision Period of confusion

29
Q

What are clinical criteria for TBI severity?

A

Duration and alteration of consciousness

30
Q

What is neurologic unconsciousness?

A

Paralytic coma

31
Q

Paralytic coma

A

A form of brain dysfunction involving the global hemispheres and/or deep brain structures

32
Q

What governs sleep and wake cycles?

A

Reticular activating system

33
Q

When are patients considered neurologically conscious ?

A

When a higher level of function as observed in minimally conscious state

34
Q

What is meditation?

A

A large variety of mental practices involving changes in the state and contents of consciousness

35
Q

Mindfulness meditation

A

Eyes closed, cross-legged, back straight, attention on breathing in and out

36
Q

Mantra meditation

A

Eyes closed, cross-legged, back straight, fiddling all thoughts to “still the mind”

37
Q

Yoga

A

A series of postures for strength and flexibility, and breathing

38
Q

Tai chai

A

A series of slow movements and abdominal breathing

39
Q

Chi gong

A

Physical postures, breathing and focused intention

40
Q

What is higher state of consciousness somewhere in between?

A

Waking, sleeping, dreaming

41
Q

What does physiological changes during meditation differ from?

A

Sleep, hypnosis

42
Q

What does attaining higher state of consciousness require?

A

Learn to let go

43
Q

What happens when you meditate?

A

Your consciousness opens, and you get physically, mentally and spiritually elevated; life truly becomes worth living

44
Q

What does mindfulness meditation do?

A

Reduce stress Increase cognition Increase physical health Increase mental health

45
Q

What are the study types of meditation?

A

Animal studies Self-reporting studies Cross-sectional study Longitudinal design study (e.g. observe beginner undergoing relaxation training at severe time points)

46
Q

Attention control

A

Anterior cingulate cortex and stratium

47
Q

Emotional regulation

A

Multiple prefrontal regions, limbic regions and stratium

48
Q

self-awareness

A

Insula, medial prefrontal cortex and Posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus

49
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex

A

Self-regulation of attention and emotion Enhanced ACC activity during breath awareness

50
Q

Pre-frontal cortex

A

Attention and emotion Enhanced activity of PFC during meditation

51
Q

Posterior cingulate cortex

A

Self-awareness Decrease PCC activity during meditation

52
Q

Insula

A

Awareness and emotion Enhanced Insula activity when exposed to emotional sounds

53
Q

Stratium

A

Regulation of attention and emotion Lower caudate Nucleus activation in response to reward anticipation

54
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotional processing Decreased Amygdala activation in response to negative self-belief statements

55
Q

Caudate putamen

A

Attentional disengagement from irrelevant information

56
Q

Entorhinal cortex

A

Control mental stream of thoughts and possibly stop mind wandering

57
Q

Medial prefrontal cortex

A

Enhance self-awareness during mediation

58
Q

What is 11C-raclopride in PET scan?

A

D2 dopamine receptor antagonist

59
Q

What indicates Increase endogenous dopamine release during relaxation meditation ?

A

Decrease in 11C-raclopride binding in central stratium

60
Q

What neurotransmitter is a key for motivation, productivity and focus?

A

Dopamine

61
Q

What is increased in EEG during meditation?

A

Theta (frontal and temporal lobe) Alpha (posterior)

62
Q

What activity is associated with wakeful and relaxed attention?

A

Electrical brain wave activity

63
Q

Meditation

A

Conscious mental process Controlling emotions Enhance attention processes

64
Q

What does meditation for mild TBI improve?

A

Quality of life Memory Depression and attention after 10-12 weeks training

65
Q

What can practising acceptance help TBI patients to deal with?

A

Negative self image

66
Q

What is one of the most helpful attitudes to bring to mindfulness?

A

Acceptance

67
Q

Second arrow

A

Avoidance may work immediately short term but avoidance fails in the mental and emotional realm

System Neuroscience (17 decks)

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