Week 11 Pt 2 Flashcards
What does decision making involve?
Emotions, reasons, cultures and belief, senses, memory etc
What does decision-making consist of?
Senses Parietal lobe (integration of sensory input) Hippocampus (memory) Limbic system (amygdala) Frontal lobe (planning, reasoning and judgement)
What are two key players in decision making?
Memory and emotion
What provides strong and weak evidence for decision?
Strong evidence - clear images Weak evidence - nosy images
What did images of face and house activate?
Separate sensory regions of ventral temporal cortex
What was clarity of face and house images in proportion to?
Magnitude of brain activation
For a brain region to be involved in a decision, what does it need?
1) area should be most active when evidence is greatest, so easy decision 2) magnitude of area activity should correlate with sensory evidence pass to visual system
What integrates the neural evidence used to make decision?
Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the superior frontal sulcus
What provides the memory part of decision making?
Hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
What plays an important role in impaired decision making?
Defect in emotion and feelings
What provides the emotion part of decision making?
Amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex
When is decision made?
when we are conscious
What helps people make smarter choices?
15-minutes of mindfulness meditation
Define consciousness
The quality or state of being aware especially of something within oneself
What are the different levels of consciousness?
Conscious wakefulness Drowsiness Light sleep Deep sleep General anasthesia Coma
What is light-headedness broadly equivalent to?
Being drunk
What is unconsciousness broadly equivalent to?
Sleep
What is failure to respond to pain broadly equivalent to?
Unconsciousness
What are the seat of consciousness?
Lateral prefrontal cortex Posterior Parietal cortex Thalamus
Lateral prefrontal cortex
Responsible for high-level complex thought
Posterior Parietal cortex
responsible for high-level complex thought
What is the hallmark of consciousness?
The combination of all information between 3 regions
How does the Brain combine all the different sensory information and merge it into a single person-object?
Global workspace theory
What is the Global workspace theory?
Integrates all senses into a single picture and filter out conflicting information
What is information integration theory?
Consciousness is combining data together so that it is more than the sum of its parts
How many ms are the neural activity in frontal lobes detected?
300ms when conscious of stimuli
How we minimise neural conflicts?
The brain combine the two monocular input into a coherent binocular image
What does concussion involve?
Loss of consciousness. Amnesia Blurry vision Period of confusion
What are clinical criteria for TBI severity?
Duration and alteration of consciousness
What is neurologic unconsciousness?
Paralytic coma
Paralytic coma
A form of brain dysfunction involving the global hemispheres and/or deep brain structures
What governs sleep and wake cycles?
Reticular activating system
When are patients considered neurologically conscious ?
When a higher level of function as observed in minimally conscious state
What is meditation?
A large variety of mental practices involving changes in the state and contents of consciousness
Mindfulness meditation
Eyes closed, cross-legged, back straight, attention on breathing in and out
Mantra meditation
Eyes closed, cross-legged, back straight, fiddling all thoughts to “still the mind”
Yoga
A series of postures for strength and flexibility, and breathing
Tai chai
A series of slow movements and abdominal breathing
Chi gong
Physical postures, breathing and focused intention
What is higher state of consciousness somewhere in between?
Waking, sleeping, dreaming
What does physiological changes during meditation differ from?
Sleep, hypnosis
What does attaining higher state of consciousness require?
Learn to let go
What happens when you meditate?
Your consciousness opens, and you get physically, mentally and spiritually elevated; life truly becomes worth living
What does mindfulness meditation do?
Reduce stress Increase cognition Increase physical health Increase mental health
What are the study types of meditation?
Animal studies Self-reporting studies Cross-sectional study Longitudinal design study (e.g. observe beginner undergoing relaxation training at severe time points)
Attention control
Anterior cingulate cortex and stratium
Emotional regulation
Multiple prefrontal regions, limbic regions and stratium
self-awareness
Insula, medial prefrontal cortex and Posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus
Anterior cingulate cortex
Self-regulation of attention and emotion Enhanced ACC activity during breath awareness
Pre-frontal cortex
Attention and emotion Enhanced activity of PFC during meditation
Posterior cingulate cortex
Self-awareness Decrease PCC activity during meditation
Insula
Awareness and emotion Enhanced Insula activity when exposed to emotional sounds
Stratium
Regulation of attention and emotion Lower caudate Nucleus activation in response to reward anticipation
Amygdala
Emotional processing Decreased Amygdala activation in response to negative self-belief statements
Caudate putamen
Attentional disengagement from irrelevant information
Entorhinal cortex
Control mental stream of thoughts and possibly stop mind wandering
Medial prefrontal cortex
Enhance self-awareness during mediation
What is 11C-raclopride in PET scan?
D2 dopamine receptor antagonist
What indicates Increase endogenous dopamine release during relaxation meditation ?
Decrease in 11C-raclopride binding in central stratium
What neurotransmitter is a key for motivation, productivity and focus?
Dopamine
What is increased in EEG during meditation?
Theta (frontal and temporal lobe) Alpha (posterior)
What activity is associated with wakeful and relaxed attention?
Electrical brain wave activity
Meditation
Conscious mental process Controlling emotions Enhance attention processes
What does meditation for mild TBI improve?
Quality of life Memory Depression and attention after 10-12 weeks training
What can practising acceptance help TBI patients to deal with?
Negative self image
What is one of the most helpful attitudes to bring to mindfulness?
Acceptance
Second arrow
Avoidance may work immediately short term but avoidance fails in the mental and emotional realm
