Neuroendocrine System

Question 1

What are the relay pathways of Hypothalamus

Answer 1

Nucleus of solitary tract Brain stem reticular formation Retina Limbic and Olfactory system

Question 2

What are the controlled parameters of the Hypothalamus?

Answer 2

Digestion Body temperature control Circadian rhythm Feeding and Reproduction

Question 3

What are the physiological functions of Hypothalamus?

Answer 3

Growth Metabolism Stress response Osmoregulation Thermoregulation Reproduction Circadian rhythm

Question 4

What are the roles circumventricular organs?

Answer 4

Important sensory organs - provide input to Hypothalamus Allow secretion of hypothalamic hormones and their regulation by target tissue hormone (median eminence and pituitary gland)

Question 5

What are the outputs if hypothalamus?

Answer 5

Limbic system Thalamus Reticular formation Autonomic NS Pituitary gland

Question 6

What are the 3 subdivision of the hypothalamus?

Answer 6

Anterior/preoptic Tuberal Posterior

Question 7

What are the 3 longitudinal zones of the hypothalamus?

Answer 7

Periventricular Medial Lateral

Question 8

What structures are found within contextual information?

Answer 8

Cerebral cortex Amygdala Hippocampal formation

Question 9

What are the main roles of hypothalamus ?

Answer 9

Homeostatic control Compare inputs with biological set points Coordinate occurrence and timing of physiological function

Question 10

What are the inputs to the hypothalamus ?

Answer 10

Telencephalic input — retinal to SCN Fornicate - Hippocampus Medial forebrain bundle Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus - brainstem
And spinal cord Stria termanlis - amygdala

Question 11

What is thermosensing?

Answer 11

Neurons that directly sense stimuli in the hypothalamus

Question 12

What are the nucleus of hypothalamus

Answer 12

Periventricular nucleus Dorsomedial nucleus Lateral hypothalamus Supraoptic nucleus Ventromedial nucleus Arcuate nucleus Suprachiasmatic nucleus Median eminence

Question 13

What mediates neuroendocrine regulation?

Answer 13

Pituitary gland

Question 14

What are the two parts of pituitary gland?

Answer 14

Anterior lobe - adenohypophysis;pars distalis Posterior lobe - neurohypophysis:Pars nervosa

Question 15

Where are parvocellular neurons found?

Answer 15

Periventricular nucleus Paraventricular, actuate nucleus and Medial preoptic nucleus

Question 16

What are ultradian patterns?

Answer 16

Repeated period within 24hr circadian day

Question 17

What does the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus secrete?

Answer 17

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Question 18

What does corticotropin-releasing hormone release?

Answer 18

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 19

What does ACTH cause the release of?

Answer 19

Glucocorticoid

Question 20

What are Glucorticoid?

Answer 20

Steroids that bind nuclear transcription factor receptors

Question 21

Where does cortisol bind?

Answer 21

Neurosecretory cells in the PVN and on corticotrophs to decrease stimulation of its release

Question 22

What does Glucocorticoid interact with?

Answer 22

Endocrine systems and immune system

Question 23

When is the highest level of cortisol seen?

Answer 23

Morning

Question 24

Why is glucorticoid important in neural function?

Answer 24

Hippocampal granule cell survival and neurogenesis Learning and memory

Question 25

What is the circadian rhythm dependent upon?

Answer 25

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 26

What does CRH stimulate the release of?

Answer 26

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH; thyrotropin)

Question 27

What does TSH cause the release of?

Answer 27

Thyroid hormone from thyroid gland

Question 28

What does Thyroid hormone stimulate the decrease of?

Answer 28

TRH and TSH

Question 29

What does thyroid hormone regulate?

Answer 29

Basal metabolism: cellular ATP, protein synthesis

Question 30

What does arcuate nucleus secrete?

Answer 30

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

Question 31

What does periventricular nucleus secrete?

Answer 31

Somatostatin

Question 32

Where are GH and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) made?

Answer 32

Liver

Question 33

What does growth hormone stimulate?

Answer 33

Somatic (body) growth, regeneration and body homeostasis (tissues like bone and muscle)

Question 34

When is GH released?

Answer 34

Sleep

Question 35

What does anterior and Medial basal hypothalamus secrete?

Answer 35

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 36

What does GnRH stimulate the release of?

Answer 36

LH and FSH

Question 37

What do LH and FSH do?

Answer 37

Secretion of sex hormones from ovaries and testes

Question 38

Why is sex hormone important?

Answer 38

Development Expression of secondary sex characteristics Adult reproductive function

Question 39

What do neurons in the arcuate nucleus secrete?

Answer 39

Dopamine

Question 40

What does dopamine do?

Answer 40

Inhibit secretion of prolactin from anterior pituitary gland through dopamine D2 receptor

Question 41

How is the inhibition of prolactin relieved?

Answer 41

Lactation in response to suckling

Question 42

Where does prolactin act on?

Answer 42

Mammillary gland to stimulate the development of gland and production of milk

Question 43

What does the Magnocellular neurons produce?

Answer 43

Neuroendocrine peptide: arginine vasopressin(AVP), anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

Question 44

Where are hormones of magnocellular neurons transported down?

Answer 44

Axons in the pituitary stalk

Question 45

Where are the hormones of magnocellular neurons stored?

Answer 45

Terminals in the Posterior pituitary gland

Question 46

Upon neural stimulation of neuroendocrine cells where are the hypothalamus hormones secreted?

Answer 46

Capillaries of Posterior lobe

Question 47

What mediate the neuroendocrine release from Posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 47

Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and Supraoptic nucleus (SON)

Question 48

What does vasopressin regulate?

Answer 48

Osmoregulation Water/salt balance Social behaviours

Question 49

What does oxytocin regulate?

Answer 49

Parturition Milk ejection Social behaviours

Question 50

What is parturition?

Answer 50

Uterine contraction at labour

Question 51

How many a.a is AVP and OXT?

Answer 51

9 a.a

Question 52

Are AVP and OXT transcribed from same gene?

Answer 52

Yes

Question 53

Are AVP and OXT secretion pulsatile and what does it depend on?

Answer 53

No and neural stimulation in response to changes in osmolality/blood volume - nipple/genital stimulation

Question 54

What does the Posterior pituitary hormone provide a quick response to?

Answer 54

Haemorrhage and suckling stimuli

Question 55

What does angiotensin II stimulate the neurons of?

Answer 55

Subfornical organ (SFO)

Question 56

What does dendritic release if OT coordinate?

Answer 56

Neuroendocrine secretion

Question 57

What does projection to the preoptic area and amygdala mediate?

Answer 57

Social and maternal behavioural effect

Question 58

What does Vagal stimulation during labour stimulate?

Answer 58

Increased oxytocin secretion; uterine contraction

Question 59

What neurons detect changes in osmolality?

Answer 59

OVLT and PVN/SON