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System Neuroscience > Week 5 Pt 1 - Control Of Movement > Flashcards

Week 5 Pt 1 - Control Of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What structures in brain and spinal cord are involved in the control of movement?

A
  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. Basal Ganglia
  3. Cerebellum
  4. Thalamus
  5. Brainstem
  6. Spinal Cord
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2
Q

What are the CNS regions in the control of movement?

A
  1. Motor Cortex
  2. Brainstem
  3. Basal Ganglia
  4. Cerebellum
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3
Q

Motor cortex

A

Control voluntary movement

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4
Q

What are the tracts of Motor Cortex?

A

Pyramidal

Corticospinal and Corticobulbar tract

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5
Q

Brainstem

A

Contain several motor nuclei

Extrapyramidal

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6
Q

What are the several motor nuclei of brainstem?

A

Rubrospinal
Vestibulospobal
Reticulospinal

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7
Q

What is the Rubrospinal tract?

A

Participate in voluntary movements

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8
Q

What is the vestibulospibal tract?

A

Maintain balance and support locomotion and posture

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9
Q

What is the Reticulospinal tract?

A

Coordinate automatic movements of locomotion and maintain posture

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10
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia?

A

Modulate activities of motor cortex

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11
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

Does not initiate movement

Coordinates the action of all descending motor tracts

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12
Q

What are the 3 regions of motor cortex?

A

Supplementary motor cortex
Premotor cortex
Primary motor cortex

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13
Q

What is the supplementary motor cortex?

A

Involved in planning of complex and two handed movements

Coordinate posture

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14
Q

What is the premotor cortex?

A

Sensory guidance of movement
Receive input from posterior parietal cortex
Contribute to extrapyramidal pathways

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15
Q

What is the primary motor cortex?

A

Main motor area involved in executing voluntary movements

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16
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

Body regions

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17
Q

Corticobulbar tract

A

Face and neck regions

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18
Q

What does the pyramidal system also project to?

A

Basal Ganglia

Cerebellum

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19
Q

What does lateral corticospinal tract do?

A

80-90%

Cross over to the contralateral spinal cord at pyramids

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20
Q

What does anterior corticospinal tract do?

A

10-20%

Cross over at the level of synaptic contacts with spinal motor neurons

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21
Q

What is Tectospinal tract?

A

Capture and avoidance movements

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22
Q

Why does the visual system first inspect the mug?

A

To gather information on the distance and position of the cup

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23
Q

Where is the information relayed from and to?

A

From visual cortex

To posterior parietal cortex

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24
Q

What does the posterior parietal cortex transform visual information into?

A

Motor commands

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25
Where does the posterior parietal cortex send the command to?
Supplementary motor area | Pre-motor cortex
26
What is the function of pre-motor cortex?
Decides set of muscles to contract Sequence of contractions Required force and trajectory Sends signals to corresponding motor neurone in primary motor cortex
27
What does the motor neurons in primary motor cortex send signal directly to what?
Lower motor neurons in central horn of cervical spinal cord that controls the muscles of arm and hand
28
What does the motor neurons in primary motor cortex send signal to indirectly?
Lower motor neurons via rubrospinal tract
29
What are examples of sensory information?
Proprioception | Muscle length
30
To ensure that movements are fast,precise and coordinated sensory information is sent to what?
Brain via ascending sensory tracts | Spinocerebellar tract
31
What does cerebellum receive information about?
Positions in space of joints and coordinates the movements of groups of muscles Regulate timing Correct any errors in movement
32
When the mug is grasped information from sensory receptors in fingers travel to what?
Spinal cord
33
Where is the information from sensory receptors also sent to?
Sensory cortex that controls touch
34
Why does visual signal?
Confirm the grasping are sent to visual cortex
35
What informs the motor cortex that the mug is now being held?
Sensory cortex | Visual cortex
36
What is step 1 for grasping a mug?
Visual information required to locate the target
37
What is step 2 for grasping a mug?
Frontal-lobe motor areas plan the reach and command the movement
38
What is step 3 for grasping a mug?
Spinal cord carries the information to hand
39
What is step 4 for grasping a mug?
Motor neurons carry messages to muscles of hand and forearm
40
What is step 5 for grasping a mug?
Sensory receptors on the fingers send message to sensory cortex saying that the cup has been grasped
41
What is step 6 for grasping a mug?
Spinal cord carries sensory information to brain
42
What is step 7 for grasping a mug?
Basal Ganglia Judge grasp forces and cerebellum corrects movement errors
43
What is step 8 for grasping a mug?
Sensory cortex receives the message that the cup has been grasped
44
What is required for planning movement?
Basal nuclei Cortical association areas Cerebellum
45
What is required for initiating movement?
Motor cortex
46
What is required for executing movement?
Cerebellum
47
What is apraxia caused by?
Damage to the brain | Posterior parietal cortex
48
What does individual with apraxia have difficulty with?
Motor planning to perform tasks or movements when asked
49
What is apraxia caused by?
Damage to the brain | Posterior parietal cortex
50
What does individual with apraxia have difficulty with?
Motor planning to perform tasks or movements when asked
51
What are examples of Basal Ganglia nuclei?
1. Neostriatum 2. Paleo stratium 3. Substantia Nigra 4. Subthalamic nucleus (STN)
52
What are examples of Neostratium?
Caudate nucleus Putamen Central stratium
53
What are examples of Paleostriatum?
Globus pallidus external segment (GPe) | Globus pallidus internal segment (GPi)
54
What are examples of Substantia Nigra?
``` Pars compacta (SNc) Pars reticulata (SNr) ```
55
What are the functions of Basal Ganglia?
``` Control of movement Rewarding Emotion Motivation Procedure learning Cognition ```
56
What is the voluntary movement of Basal Ganglia?
Initiation of movement Change from one pattern to other Programming and correcting movement while in progress
57
What is the postural control of Basal Ganglia?
Righting Reflex | Automatic associated movement (walking)
58
What are the motor functions of Basal Ganglia?
Voluntary movement Postural control Control of muscle tone
59
Where does Basal Ganglia receive input from?
Cortex | Except primary sensory cortex
60
What is the overall effect of Direct Pathway?
Stimulate the cortex
61
What does the cortex provide excitatory input to?
Stratium
62
What does stratium provide inhibitory output directly to?
GPi/ SNr
63
What does GPi/SNr provide inhibitory input to?
Thalamus
64
What does thalamus have excitatory connections to?
Cortex
65
If the direct pathway is stimulated, what is excited?
Stratium
66
When stratium is excited what does it Increase?
Increasing inhibition of GPi and SNr
67
When is the output reduced for the direct pathway?
When the cortex and thalamus is inhibited | Less able to inhibit the thalamus
68
In the indirect pathway what does the stratium receive?
Excitatory input from the cortex
69
What does the stratium send inhibitory projects to?
GPe
70
What does the GPe send inhibitory connections to?
STN (subthalamic nuclei)
71
Who does STN send excitatory inputs to?
SNr and GPi
72
When the indirect pathway is stimulated, what does the cortex excite?
Stratium
73
In the indirect pathway, what does stratium inhibit?
GPe
74
When the stratium inhibits GPe in the indirect pathway what is inhibited?
Neurons in GPe which are less able to inhibit the neurons of STN
75
When neurons in GPe are inhibited what does it enable?
STN to excite SNr and allow it to inhibit thalamus | Prevent it from exciting cortex
76
What does GPe fire under what conditions and what does it inhibit?
Fire under quiescent conditions (absence of movement) | Inhibit STN’s activity
77
What are direct and indirect pathways regulated by?
Dopaminergic inputs from SNc through D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors
78
What does SNc do?
Send fibres to stratium to control direct and indirect pathway
79
What does D1 receptor excite?
Direct pathway Facilitate movement Increase motor activity
80
What does D2 receptor suppress?
Firing in indirect pathway neurons | Facilitate movement
81
What does the effect of D1 and D2 receptor activation lead to?
Increased motor activity
82
What is TAN?
Tonically active neurons
83
How does stratium TANs discharge in the absence of any synaptic inputs?
2-12 Hz
84
What does TAN respond to?
Novel stimuli
85
What does cholinergic interneurons in stratium inhibit?
Direct pathway | Suppresses movement
86
What is the net effect of cholinergic signalling?
Inhibition of movement
87
What is the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease?
Loss of nigrostratial DA projection
88
What is the cause of Parkinson disease?
Loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia Nigra pars compacta
89
What happens when DA input is lost?
Direct pathway is suppressed | Indirect pathway is facilities
90
What is the net effect when DA input is lost?
Increased inhibition of thalamus | Reduced excitation of cortex
91
What are the main signs and symptoms of Parkinson disease?
``` Motoric (hypokinetic: reduced movement) Bradykinesia Tremor Rigidity Loss of postural reflexes Micrographia Depression Dementia ```
92
What is bradykinesia?
Delay in initiation and execution of voluntary movements Reduction in automatic movements (swinging arms while walking) Effective activity may be briefly regained during an emergency
93
What is tremor?
Resting, 4-5 Hz Enhanced by emotional stress Absent during sleep
94
What is rigidity?
Increased resistance to passive movements
95
What is Huntington disease?
Genetic condition characterised by autosomal dominant in the Huntington gene Mutation: loss of cells in the stratium
96
What is the pathophysiology of Huntington disease?
Happens within neostratium | Gross atrophy of caudate nucleus and putamen
97
Where is marked neuronal loss seen in Huntington disease?
``` Deep layers of cerebral cortex Globus pallidus Thalamus Subthalamic nucleus Substantia Nigra Cerebellum ```
98
What does loss of stratium GABA neurons lead to?
Decreased inhibition to motor thalamus | Increased activities of motor cortex
99
What is hyperkinetic disorder?
Psychiatric neurodevelopmental condition | Early childhood
100
What are the characteristics of hyperkinetic disorder?
Hyperactivity | Impulsivity
101
What does HD affect?
Shoulders Hips Face
102
What are the motor symptoms of Huntington disease?
Muscle problems Rigidity is muscle contracture (dystopia) Slow or abnormal eye movements Impaired gait, posture and balance Difficulty with physical production of speech or swallowing
103
What are other symptoms of HD?
Cognitive disorder | Psychiatric disorder
104
Input of Ganglia
Stratium Innervation from cerebral cortex Thalamus + limbic system
105
Output to Ganglia
SNr/GPi Project to thalamus Project to cortex
106
Direct pathway
Stimulate the cortex Cortex provides excitatory input to stratium Stratium provides inhibitory input to GPi/SNr Inhibitory input to thalamus Thalamus has excitatory connection back to the cortex
107
Indirect pathway
Stratium receives excitatory input from cortex Stratium sends inhibitory projections to GPE GPE sends inhibitory connection to STN STN sends excitatory input to SNr/GPi Inhibit thalamus Send excitatory input to cortex

System Neuroscience (17 decks)

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