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System Neuroscience > Week 5 Pt 1 - Control Of Movement > Flashcards

Week 5 Pt 1 - Control Of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What structures in brain and spinal cord are involved in the control of movement?

A
  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. Basal Ganglia
  3. Cerebellum
  4. Thalamus
  5. Brainstem
  6. Spinal Cord
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2
Q

What are the CNS regions in the control of movement?

A
  1. Motor Cortex
  2. Brainstem
  3. Basal Ganglia
  4. Cerebellum
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3
Q

Motor cortex

A

Control voluntary movement

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4
Q

What are the tracts of Motor Cortex?

A

Pyramidal

Corticospinal and Corticobulbar tract

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5
Q

Brainstem

A

Contain several motor nuclei

Extrapyramidal

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6
Q

What are the several motor nuclei of brainstem?

A

Rubrospinal
Vestibulospobal
Reticulospinal

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7
Q

What is the Rubrospinal tract?

A

Participate in voluntary movements

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8
Q

What is the vestibulospibal tract?

A

Maintain balance and support locomotion and posture

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9
Q

What is the Reticulospinal tract?

A

Coordinate automatic movements of locomotion and maintain posture

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10
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia?

A

Modulate activities of motor cortex

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11
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

Does not initiate movement

Coordinates the action of all descending motor tracts

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12
Q

What are the 3 regions of motor cortex?

A

Supplementary motor cortex
Premotor cortex
Primary motor cortex

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13
Q

What is the supplementary motor cortex?

A

Involved in planning of complex and two handed movements

Coordinate posture

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14
Q

What is the premotor cortex?

A

Sensory guidance of movement
Receive input from posterior parietal cortex
Contribute to extrapyramidal pathways

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15
Q

What is the primary motor cortex?

A

Main motor area involved in executing voluntary movements

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16
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

Body regions

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17
Q

Corticobulbar tract

A

Face and neck regions

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18
Q

What does the pyramidal system also project to?

A

Basal Ganglia

Cerebellum

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19
Q

What does lateral corticospinal tract do?

A

80-90%

Cross over to the contralateral spinal cord at pyramids

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20
Q

What does anterior corticospinal tract do?

A

10-20%

Cross over at the level of synaptic contacts with spinal motor neurons

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21
Q

What is Tectospinal tract?

A

Capture and avoidance movements

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22
Q

Why does the visual system first inspect the mug?

A

To gather information on the distance and position of the cup

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23
Q

Where is the information relayed from and to?

A

From visual cortex

To posterior parietal cortex

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24
Q

What does the posterior parietal cortex transform visual information into?

A

Motor commands

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25
Q

Where does the posterior parietal cortex send the command to?

A

Supplementary motor area

Pre-motor cortex

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26
Q

What is the function of pre-motor cortex?

A

Decides set of muscles to contract
Sequence of contractions
Required force and trajectory
Sends signals to corresponding motor neurone in primary motor cortex

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27
Q

What does the motor neurons in primary motor cortex send signal directly to what?

A

Lower motor neurons in central horn of cervical spinal cord that controls the muscles of arm and hand

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28
Q

What does the motor neurons in primary motor cortex send signal to indirectly?

A

Lower motor neurons via rubrospinal tract

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29
Q

What are examples of sensory information?

A

Proprioception

Muscle length

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30
Q

To ensure that movements are fast,precise and coordinated sensory information is sent to what?

A

Brain via ascending sensory tracts

Spinocerebellar tract

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31
Q

What does cerebellum receive information about?

A

Positions in space of joints and coordinates the movements of groups of muscles
Regulate timing
Correct any errors in movement

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32
Q

When the mug is grasped information from sensory receptors in fingers travel to what?

A

Spinal cord

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33
Q

Where is the information from sensory receptors also sent to?

A

Sensory cortex that controls touch

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34
Q

Why does visual signal?

A

Confirm the grasping are sent to visual cortex

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35
Q

What informs the motor cortex that the mug is now being held?

A

Sensory cortex

Visual cortex

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36
Q

What is step 1 for grasping a mug?

A

Visual information required to locate the target

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37
Q

What is step 2 for grasping a mug?

A

Frontal-lobe motor areas plan the reach and command the movement

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38
Q

What is step 3 for grasping a mug?

A

Spinal cord carries the information to hand

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39
Q

What is step 4 for grasping a mug?

A

Motor neurons carry messages to muscles of hand and forearm

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40
Q

What is step 5 for grasping a mug?

A

Sensory receptors on the fingers send message to sensory cortex saying that the cup has been grasped

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41
Q

What is step 6 for grasping a mug?

A

Spinal cord carries sensory information to brain

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42
Q

What is step 7 for grasping a mug?

A

Basal Ganglia Judge grasp forces and cerebellum corrects movement errors

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43
Q

What is step 8 for grasping a mug?

A

Sensory cortex receives the message that the cup has been grasped

44
Q

What is required for planning movement?

A

Basal nuclei
Cortical association areas
Cerebellum

45
Q

What is required for initiating movement?

A

Motor cortex

46
Q

What is required for executing movement?

A

Cerebellum

47
Q

What is apraxia caused by?

A

Damage to the brain

Posterior parietal cortex

48
Q

What does individual with apraxia have difficulty with?

A

Motor planning to perform tasks or movements when asked

49
Q

What is apraxia caused by?

A

Damage to the brain

Posterior parietal cortex

50
Q

What does individual with apraxia have difficulty with?

A

Motor planning to perform tasks or movements when asked

51
Q

What are examples of Basal Ganglia nuclei?

A
  1. Neostriatum
  2. Paleo stratium
  3. Substantia Nigra
  4. Subthalamic nucleus (STN)
52
Q

What are examples of Neostratium?

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Central stratium

53
Q

What are examples of Paleostriatum?

A

Globus pallidus external segment (GPe)

Globus pallidus internal segment (GPi)

54
Q

What are examples of Substantia Nigra?

A 
Pars compacta (SNc)
Pars reticulata (SNr)
55
Q

What are the functions of Basal Ganglia?

A 
Control of movement 
Rewarding 
Emotion 
Motivation
Procedure learning 
Cognition
56
Q

What is the voluntary movement of Basal Ganglia?

A

Initiation of movement
Change from one pattern to other
Programming and correcting movement while in progress

57
Q

What is the postural control of Basal Ganglia?

A

Righting Reflex

Automatic associated movement (walking)

58
Q

What are the motor functions of Basal Ganglia?

A

Voluntary movement
Postural control
Control of muscle tone

59
Q

Where does Basal Ganglia receive input from?

A

Cortex

Except primary sensory cortex

60
Q

What is the overall effect of Direct Pathway?

A

Stimulate the cortex

61
Q

What does the cortex provide excitatory input to?

62
Q

What does stratium provide inhibitory output directly to?

63
Q

What does GPi/SNr provide inhibitory input to?

64
Q

What does thalamus have excitatory connections to?

65
Q

If the direct pathway is stimulated, what is excited?

66
Q

When stratium is excited what does it Increase?

A

Increasing inhibition of GPi and SNr

67
Q

When is the output reduced for the direct pathway?

A

When the cortex and thalamus is inhibited

Less able to inhibit the thalamus

68
Q

In the indirect pathway what does the stratium receive?

A

Excitatory input from the cortex

69
Q

What does the stratium send inhibitory projects to?

70
Q

What does the GPe send inhibitory connections to?

A

STN (subthalamic nuclei)

71
Q

Who does STN send excitatory inputs to?

A

SNr and GPi

72
Q

When the indirect pathway is stimulated, what does the cortex excite?

73
Q

In the indirect pathway, what does stratium inhibit?

74
Q

When the stratium inhibits GPe in the indirect pathway what is inhibited?

A

Neurons in GPe which are less able to inhibit the neurons of STN

75
Q

When neurons in GPe are inhibited what does it enable?

A

STN to excite SNr and allow it to inhibit thalamus

Prevent it from exciting cortex

76
Q

What does GPe fire under what conditions and what does it inhibit?

A

Fire under quiescent conditions (absence of movement)

Inhibit STN’s activity

77
Q

What are direct and indirect pathways regulated by?

A

Dopaminergic inputs from SNc through D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors

78
Q

What does SNc do?

A

Send fibres to stratium to control direct and indirect pathway

79
Q

What does D1 receptor excite?

A

Direct pathway
Facilitate movement
Increase motor activity

80
Q

What does D2 receptor suppress?

A

Firing in indirect pathway neurons

Facilitate movement

81
Q

What does the effect of D1 and D2 receptor activation lead to?

A

Increased motor activity

82
Q

What is TAN?

A

Tonically active neurons

83
Q

How does stratium TANs discharge in the absence of any synaptic inputs?

84
Q

What does TAN respond to?

A

Novel stimuli

85
Q

What does cholinergic interneurons in stratium inhibit?

A

Direct pathway

Suppresses movement

86
Q

What is the net effect of cholinergic signalling?

A

Inhibition of movement

87
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease?

A

Loss of nigrostratial DA projection

88
Q

What is the cause of Parkinson disease?

A

Loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia Nigra pars compacta

89
Q

What happens when DA input is lost?

A

Direct pathway is suppressed

Indirect pathway is facilities

90
Q

What is the net effect when DA input is lost?

A

Increased inhibition of thalamus

Reduced excitation of cortex

91
Q

What are the main signs and symptoms of Parkinson disease?

A 
Motoric (hypokinetic: reduced movement)
Bradykinesia
Tremor
Rigidity 
Loss of postural reflexes
Micrographia 
Depression 
Dementia
92
Q

What is bradykinesia?

A

Delay in initiation and execution of voluntary movements
Reduction in automatic movements (swinging arms while walking)
Effective activity may be briefly regained during an emergency

93
Q

What is tremor?

A

Resting, 4-5 Hz
Enhanced by emotional stress
Absent during sleep

94
Q

What is rigidity?

A

Increased resistance to passive movements

95
Q

What is Huntington disease?

A

Genetic condition characterised by autosomal dominant in the Huntington gene
Mutation: loss of cells in the stratium

96
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Huntington disease?

A

Happens within neostratium

Gross atrophy of caudate nucleus and putamen

97
Q

Where is marked neuronal loss seen in Huntington disease?

A 
Deep layers of cerebral cortex
Globus pallidus
Thalamus
Subthalamic nucleus 
Substantia Nigra
Cerebellum
98
Q

What does loss of stratium GABA neurons lead to?

A

Decreased inhibition to motor thalamus

Increased activities of motor cortex

99
Q

What is hyperkinetic disorder?

A

Psychiatric neurodevelopmental condition

Early childhood

100
Q

What are the characteristics of hyperkinetic disorder?

A

Hyperactivity

Impulsivity

101
Q

What does HD affect?

A

Shoulders
Hips
Face

102
Q

What are the motor symptoms of Huntington disease?

A

Muscle problems
Rigidity is muscle contracture (dystopia)
Slow or abnormal eye movements
Impaired gait, posture and balance
Difficulty with physical production of speech or swallowing

103
Q

What are other symptoms of HD?

A

Cognitive disorder

Psychiatric disorder

104
Q

Input of Ganglia

A

Stratium
Innervation from cerebral cortex
Thalamus + limbic system

105
Q

Output to Ganglia

A

SNr/GPi
Project to thalamus
Project to cortex

106
Q

Direct pathway

A

Stimulate the cortex
Cortex provides excitatory input to stratium
Stratium provides inhibitory input to GPi/SNr
Inhibitory input to thalamus
Thalamus has excitatory connection back to the cortex

107
Q

Indirect pathway

A

Stratium receives excitatory input from cortex
Stratium sends inhibitory projections to GPE
GPE sends inhibitory connection to STN
STN sends excitatory input to SNr/GPi
Inhibit thalamus
Send excitatory input to cortex

System Neuroscience (17 decks)

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