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System Neuroscience > Week 10 Pt 2: Sleep And Waking > Flashcards

Week 10 Pt 2: Sleep And Waking Flashcards

1
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

Physical, mental and behavioural changes that follow a roughly 25-hour cycle
Responds primarily to light and darkness in an organisms environment

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2
Q

What is ultradian?

A

Shorter cycles

e.g. pulsatile release of pituitary hormones, apetite

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3
Q

What is infradian?

A

Longer

e.g. ovarian cycle

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4
Q

What does suprachiasmatic nucleus within hypothalamus have?

A

Input from retina via Ganglia cells which are responsive to light

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5
Q

What do retinal rod and cones project onto?

A

Ganglia cells which form axons of optic nerve

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6
Q

What does optic nerve axons have?

A

Light sensitive neurons (respond to blue light)

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7
Q

What is suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

master pacemaker

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8
Q

What cells from outside the SCN exhibit circadian pattern?

A

Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Outside brain: liver, lungs

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9
Q

What is SCN?

A

Paired nuclei found within the hypothalamus

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10
Q

What is the function of SCN?

A

Maintain circadian rhythms or biological pattern that follow 24 hour cycle

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11
Q

What do cells of SCN contain?

A

Biological clock

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12
Q

What does cells in SCN produce?

A

2 proteins:
Clock
BMAL1

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13
Q

What does clock/BMAL1 promote the transcription of?

A

PER and CRY genes

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14
Q

What happens when PER and CRY genes bind together?

A

Inhibit the transcription of their own genes

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15
Q

SCN

A

PER and CRY proteins begin to degrade
Allow clock/BMAL1 to promote PER and CRY transcription again
Entire cycle takes about 24 hours

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16
Q

What is found in the core region of SCN?

A

Vasoactive intestinal peptide

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17
Q

What is found in the shell region of SCN?

A

Vasopressin

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18
Q

Where does input coming from light go to?

A

Core region of the SCN

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19
Q

What is the major input of SCN?

A

Light entrainment directed from ganglion cells (sensitive to light)
Inputs from serotonergic systems
Input from processing if intergeniculate nucleus

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20
Q

What is the intergeniculate nucleus?

A

Nucleus associated in reflex behaviours of visual system

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21
Q

Where does the shell region of SCN transmit the information to?

A

Brain

22
Q

Where does the ventral subparaventricular zone project to?

A

Dorsal medial nucleus of the hypothalamus

23
Q

What is dorsal medial nucleus involved in?

A

Circadian regulation
Particular temperature regulation
Through medial preoptic area

24
Q

What does output to dorsal-paraventriculsr nucleus of hypothalamus involve?

A

Sympathetic regulation of melatonin production

25
Q

What is sleep cycle driven by?

A

Inhibitory group of neurons in ventrolateral preoptic area

26
Q

What is melatonin production caused by,

A

Sympathetic nerve activity to the membrane pineal gland found above the midbrain

27
Q

How is melatonin secreted?

A

A short light burst

28
Q

What does melatonin supplement?

A

Suprachiasmatic neural output and reinforces them

29
Q

What does melatonin have an effect on?

A

Normal sleep pattern

30
Q

What is important for sleep?

A

Preoptic area

31
Q

What is necessary for survival deprivation?

A 
Animal models
Loss of weight 
Failure to regulate body temperature 
Infections 
Death
32
Q

Human studies

A 
Cognitive and memory impairment 
Leads to mood swings 
Hallucinations 
Fatal familial insomnia condition 
REM sleep ( rapid eye movement sleep)
33
Q

What is stage 1/2 of sleep as seen on EEG?

A

Sleep spindle is seen

Organised activity/ bursting activity/wider and higher amplitude - lower frequency EEG patterns

34
Q

Stage 3/4 of sleep seen on EEG

A

Slow waves/delta waves
High amplitude
Slow wave EEG pattern

35
Q

When does rapid eye movement state of sleep Increase?

A

during night

36
Q

Slow wave sleep

A

Considered stages III and IV

37
Q

What are active during REM sleep?

A

EOG-electro-oculogram- muscles

38
Q

What is observed during REM sleep?

A

Large muscles show paralysis

39
Q

What dominates in slow wave sleep?

A

Parasympathetic activity

40
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved in sleep/waking cycle?

A

Serotonin

Noradrenaline

41
Q

Where are the ACH cells found?

A

Between junction of mesencephalon and pons

42
Q

What prompted the cortical arousal?

A

Reticular formation has key nuclei

43
Q

What are important for waking stage?

A

Brainstem
Locus coeruleus and Raphe
ACH projections

44
Q

What brain regions are important for sleep promoting?

A

Anterior hypothalamus
Ventrolateral posterior
Ventrolateral preoptic area

45
Q

What plays an important role in controlling the sleep wake transition?

A

Oregon neurons of the lateral hypothalamus

46
Q

What does Previn neurons promote?

A

Arousal and wakefulness

47
Q

What does autoimmune destruction of ore in neuron cause?

A

Narcolepsy

48
Q

What does circadian rhythm do?

A

Keep us awake

49
Q

What is caffeine?

A

Antagonist against adenosine receptor

50
Q

What did Borberly and Dawn ‘84 purpose?

A

Circadian process and sleep homeostasis are integrated

51
Q

What does sleep homeostatic process Increase with?

A

Length of time awake

52
Q

What are the two electrophysiological state of Thalamocortical neurons?

A

Bursting

Totally active

System Neuroscience (17 decks)

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