Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

System Neuroscience > Week 5 Pt 2 - Control Of Movement > Flashcards

Week 5 Pt 2 - Control Of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What are the roles of cerebellum?

A
  1. Coordinate movement
  2. Monitor and make corrective adjustments of activities initiated by other parts of the brain
  3. Maintain balance and posture
  4. Modulate eye movement
  5. Motor learning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the cerebellum not initiate?

A

Movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the deep cerebellar nuclei consist of?

A

Fastigial, interposed and dentate nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the cerebellar peduncles consist of?

A

3 pairs

Connect cerebellum to other parts of the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three major functional divisions?

A
  1. Vestibulocerebellum
  2. Spinocerebellum
  3. Cerebrocerebellum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A

Flocculonodular lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

Vermis and paravermal zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A

Lateral zones of the cerebellar hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Axons from the spinal cord
Spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tract
Connect Medulla to cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the major pathway of the inferior cerebellar peduncle form?

A

Contralateral olivary nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

Axons of pontine nuclei that carry a copy of messages sent down the corticospinal tract
Connect pons to cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is superior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Main efferent pathway from the cerebellum
Cafes the axons of the deep cerebellar nuclei
Connect the cerebellum to midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the fastigial nuclei project to?

A

Vestibular nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does the dentate nucleus project to?

A

Thalamus then to cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does the interposed nuclei project to?

A

Red nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the afferents of vestibulocerebellum?

A

Arise from vestibular nucleus

Terminate in flocculonodular lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do afferents of vestibulocerebellum conduct?

A

Vestibular signals about head position and movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the efferents of vestibulocerebellum?

A

From flocculonodular lobe to fastigial nucleus
Vestibular nuclei —> vestibulospibal Tract
Reticular formation in brainstem —> reticulosponal tract
Motor nuclei innervating extraocular muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What regulates the tone of the antigravity muscles?

A

Vestibulospinal and reticulospibal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the efferents to cranial nuclei regulate?

A

Movement of the eyeballs during head movements to maintain stable vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the afferents for spinocerebellum?

A 
Posterior (dorsal)
Anterior (ventral)
Spinal cerebellar tract
Cuneocerebellar tract 
Proprioception input from muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ, touch/pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the efferent of spinocerebellum?

A

Cerebellocerebral tract via thalamus
Cerebellorubral tract to red nucleus in midbrain
Reticulospinal and rubrospinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What modulates the motor neurons in the spinal cord?

A

Reticulospinal and rubrospinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the afferents of cerebrocerebellum?

A

Originate in the cerebral cortex via pontine nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the afferents input of cerebrocerebellum carry?

A

Motor information: the motor commands from motor areas

Sensory information: the present postural state of the body from the somatic sensory areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the efferent input of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

From cerebellar cortex to dentate nucleus
Through superior peduncle to terminate in VL nucleus of contralateral nucleus
Motor areas of the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the cerebello-dentato-thalamo-cerebral pathway mediate?

A

The role in adjusting the plan of the motor command before being discharged from cerebral cortical motor areas to LMN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is activated when the equilibrium is disturbed?

A

Vestibular receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where does the vestibular receptors signal to?

A

Vestibulocerebellum to initiate immediate corrective signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where are the corrective signals sent to?

A
  1. The vestibular nuclei and reticular formation

2. The superior colliculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does the vestibular nuclei and reticular formation do?

A

Adjust the tone and contractility of the axial and proximal limb muscles
Help maintain equilibrium during change in head position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do superior colliculus do?

A

Coordinate eye movements with head movements during acceleration
Maintain clear vision
Keep equilibrium during head movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the principal region for the postural adjustment?

A

Vermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where does the vermis receive sensory information from?

A

Muscles
Joint proprioceptors
On position of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does vermis output control?

A

Vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Define coordination of voluntary movements

A

Ones ability to proceed smoothly and precisely from one movement to the next in proper succession

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does the spinocerebellum receive when the motor cortex send commands to spinal cord for a voluntary movement?

A

Efference copy of the intended motor command through cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What happens as the movement proceeds?

A

The spinocerebellum receives proprioceptive signals about actual motor performance via spinocerebellar tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does the intermediate zone of the spinocerebellum act as?

A

Comparator that compares the motor intentions of higher centres with actual performance of muscles

40
Q

What occurs when there is any error in performance or deviation from originial plan?

A

The intermediate zone and interposed nucleus send corrective signals back to the motor cortex and the red nucleus to correct muscle actions

41
Q

What is the predictive and camping mechanism?

A

The cerebellum receives information regarding the velocity and direction of the intended movement

42
Q

What does the cerebellum predict?

A

How far that part of the body will move in a given time
Uses this information to determine the precise time to damp the movement
Sends it’s decision to the motor cortex to stop ongoing movement exactly at the intended position

43
Q

Planning the sequence of movements

A

The cerebrocerebellum uses information provided from motor cortex and basal ganglia to achieve the goal of the movement
The plan of the movement sequence is transmitted from cerebrocerebellum to motor cortex
Used to adjust the final motor command before it is discharged to LMN

44
Q

Timing of Movements

A

Cerebrocerebellum provides perfect timing of voluntary movements
Computes the appropriate timing for onset and termination of contraction of each of muscles

45
Q

Define motor learning

A

A set of internal processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for skilled behaviour

46
Q

What is the early stage in motor learning?

A

When a person first performs a complex motor act the degree of cerebellar adjustment of the onset and termination of the successive muscle contractions involved in movement is almost always inaccurate
Cerebellar neuronal circuit learn to make more accurate movement next time

47
Q

What is intermediate stage in motor learning?

A

After motor act has been repeated many times (motor training), the successive steps of motor act become gradually more precise

48
Q

What is late stage in motor learning?

A

Once the cerebellum has perfectly learned its role in different patterns of movement, it establishes a specific “stored programme” for each of the learned movements

49
Q

What is specific signs of cerebellar damage?

A
  1. Ataxia
  2. Dysmetria
  3. Nystagmus
  4. Dysarthria
  5. Infection tremor
  6. Dysdiadochokinesia
50
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements

51
Q

What is dysmetria?

A

A lack of coordination of movement typified by the undershoot or overshoot of intended position with hand, arm and leg

52
Q

What is Nystagmus?

A

Flicking eye movements

53
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

Slurred speech

54
Q

What is Dysdiadochokinesia?

A

Inaccuracies in rapidly repeated movements

55
Q

What is cerebellum particularly susceptible to?

A

Effects of alcohol

56
Q

What are central pattern generators?

A

Microcircuits
Neuronal networks that contain the necessary information to coordinate a specific motor pattern such as breathing, walking and chewing

57
Q

What can CPG be activated by?

A

Will

Triggered by sensory stimuli as in a protective reflex or swallowing

58
Q

What is walking produced by?

A

CPGs in the spinal cord

59
Q

What is chewing movements controlled by?

A

Brainstem circuits that generate alternating activity between jaw-opener and closer muscles

60
Q

Eye movements

A

saccadic eye movements

61
Q

What does spinal cord contain?

A

CPGs for locomotion and protective reflexes

62
Q

What does brainstem contain?

A

CPGs for breathing, chewing, swallowing and saccadic eye movements

63
Q

What does hypothalamus in the forebrain Contain?

A

Centres that regulate eating and drinking

64
Q

What can rhythmic patterns be intervened by?

A

supraspinal commands

65
Q

Where is inspiratory centre located?

A

Nucleus tractus solitarius

66
Q

What does inspiratory centre emit?

A

Repetitive burst of inspiratory action potentials

67
Q

How is the basic rhythm of respiration generated?

A

Mainly by neurons in the DRG

68
Q

Where is ventral respiratory group located?

A

Nucleus ambiguus rostrally

Nucleus retroambiguus caudally

69
Q

What does the VRG Contain?

A

Both inspiratory and expiratory neurons

70
Q

What is the neurons of VRG during normal quiet respiration?

A

Totally inactive

71
Q

What is VRG responsible for?

A

Motor control of inspiratory and expiratory muscles during exercise

72
Q

Where is apneustic centre situated?

A

Lower pons

73
Q

What is the function of Apneustic centre?

A

Increases depth of inspiration by acting directly on the inspiratory centre

74
Q

What is apneusis?

A

Abnormal pattern of breathing

Characterised by deep, gasping inspiration with a pause at full inspiration followed by a brief, insufficient release

75
Q

Where is the pneumotaxic centre situated in?

A

Upper pons

Formed by nucleus parabrachialis

76
Q

What is the function of pneumotaxic centre?

A

Antagonises the apneustic centre
Cyclically inhibits inhalation
The centre limits the burst of action potential in the phrenic nerve
Decreases the tidal volume and regulate the respiratory rate

77
Q

What does an absence of pneumotaxic centre result in?

A

Increase in depth of respiration

Decrease in respiratory rate

78
Q

What are motor pools?

A

The cell bodies of motor neurons arranged in groups in spinal cord and brain stem

79
Q

What does each motor pool activate?

A

One muscle

80
Q

Where do motor neurons that activate muscles in limbs, torso or neck have their cell bodies in?

A

Region of spinal cord grey matter - ventral horn

81
Q

What are muscles in the neck and arms activated by?

A

Motor neurons in cervical spinal cord

82
Q

What are muscles in the chest, legs and pelvic region activated by?

A

Thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal cord

83
Q

What is the small bundle of axons called that each motor neuron axon exits the spinal cord?

A

Ventral root

84
Q

What does the ventral root and dorsal root join to form?

A

Segmental nerve

85
Q

Where do motor neurons that activate muscles in the head have their cell bodies have their cell bodies in?

A

Brainstem

Brainstem: midbrain, pons and Medulla

86
Q

What are motor neurons and the set of muscle fibres it contacts called?

A

Motor unit

87
Q

What are examples of descending spinal input from brainstem cell groups called?

A

reticular formation
Vestibular nuclei
The red nucleus
superior colliculus

88
Q

What are the spinal inputs referred to as?

A 
Reticulospinal 
Vestibulospinal
Rubrospinal 
Tectospinal
Corticospinal
89
Q

What influences automatic, axial, postural and locomotor movements?

A

Reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal
Tectospinal

90
Q

What influences voluntary, distal and fine movement control?

A

Rubrospinal

Corticospinal axons

91
Q

Where does reticulospinal axon from pons generally project to?

A

Same side of the spinal cord

92
Q

Where does the reticulospinal axons from Medulla project to?

A

Both sides of the spinal cord

93
Q

Where are Basal Ganglia and cerebellum locates in?

A

Basal forebrain

Hindbrain

94
Q

What is the role of vestibular nucleu?

A

Mediate vestibuloocular reflex
Head rotation in one direction causes equal and opposition eye rotation
Maintain stable head and body posture during standing and locomotion

95
Q

What is the role of Red nucleus?

A

Midbrain

Voluntary control of fingers, hands and arms

96
Q

What is the role of superior colliculus?

A

Integrate visual, auditory and somatosensory input
Initiate eye and head movement
Command centre for saccade control

97
Q

What is the role of cerebellum?

A

Found in hindbrain

System Neuroscience (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions