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System Neuroscience > Week 3 - Learning And Memory > Flashcards

Week 3 - Learning And Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What did patient HM suffer from?

A

Refractory seizures

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2
Q

On 01/09/53 what did William Scoville perform on HM?

A

Bilateral temporal lobectomy

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3
Q

What are the important site for the generation of the seizures?

A

Amygdala

Temporal lobe

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4
Q

What brain regions did William Scoville perform the surgery on?

A

Amygdala
Entorhinal cortex
Hippocampus

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5
Q

What was the surgery successful in?

A

Treatment of epilepsy

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6
Q

What did HM know up until 2 years before his surgery?

A 
Who he was
How to do things 
Personal history 
Facts learned in school
Language 
Social events 
People
Almost everything
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7
Q

HM short term memory was intact, what could he no longer form?

A

Long term memories

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8
Q

What are intimately linked?

A

Learning and memory

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9
Q

What is learning?

A

The process of acquiring knowledge or skills through experience, study or being taught

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10
Q

What is memory?

A

The faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information

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11
Q

What is memory?

A

The outcome of learning

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12
Q

What is learning all about?

A

Changing behaviour
Improving self
It is a survival advantage

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13
Q

What does survival advantage of learning and memory teach?

A

Avoid situations that you find dangerous

Seek those that were previously beneficial

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14
Q

What does all form of learning and memory involve?

A

Cellular and circuitry changes in the nervous system

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15
Q

What can memory be?

A

Very short-lived
Short-to-medium lived
Long term

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16
Q

Very short lived

A

Sensory memory (msec-sec)

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17
Q

Short-to-medium lived

A

Short term memory and working memory (sec-min)

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18
Q

Long-term

A

Long-term memories (days-years-decades)

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19
Q

What are the 3 major processing stages that sustain learning and memory?

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

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20
Q

What is encoding?

A

The processing of information that creates a memory trace for storage

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21
Q

What are two divisions of encoding?

A

Acquisition - sensory stimuli make the cut into STM

Consolidation - changes in brain stabilise memory over time resulting in LTM

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22
Q

What is storage?

A

Result of acquisition and consolidation

Represents the permanent record of information

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23
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Accessing stored information

Create conscious representation or execute a learned behaviour

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24
Q

What are the properties of declarative memories?

A

Conscious
Verbal
Holistic
Contextual

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25
Q

What is the key structure of the medial temporal lobe?

A

Hippocampus

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26
Q

Where does the cortical projections terminate ?

A

Parahippocampal cortex

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27
Q

What are regions associated with medial temporal lobe?

A 
Hippocampus 
Entorhinal cortex 
Perirhinal cortex 
Parahippocampal cortex 
Mammillary bodies 
Anterior thalamus nuclei
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28
Q

Where are the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus connected through?

A

Fornix

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29
Q

When the information leaves through the fornix where does it go to?

A

Subcortical structures

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30
Q

What are the subcortical structures?

A

Thalamus
Mammillary bodies
Basal forebrain

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31
Q

What was thought previously of memory?

A

Could not be separated from perceptual and intellectual functions

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32
Q

What was HMs problem?

A

Purely a memory problem

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33
Q

What did HM have?

A 
Normal intelligence 
Normal perceptions 
No motor dysfunction
No language impairment 
No psychological or mental illness 
Normal cognitive control 
Normal working memory 
Normal short term memory 
Normal procedural learning
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34
Q

What does the extent of memory deficit depend on?

A

How much of the medial temporal lobe have been removed

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35
Q

What results in severe amnesia?

A

Only bilateral resection

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36
Q

What is digit span memory?

A

Store short term digits

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37
Q

What is the digit span for most individual?

A

Between 7+-2

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38
Q

What does reversed number decrease with?

A

Age

39
Q

What was disrupted in HM?

A

Transfer of information from short-term storage to long-term memory which is disrupted

40
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

The loss of memory for events and knowledge that occur after brain damage

41
Q

What is Retrograde Amnesia?

A

The loss of memory for events and knowledge that occurred before brain damage

42
Q

What is temporal gradient or Ribots Law?

A

The most recent memories is lost

43
Q

What things could HM and other patients with anterograde amnesia learn?

A 
Motor skills
Procedure 
Perceptual skills
New concepts 
World knowledge
44
Q

What does short-term memory include?

A

Sensory memory
Short term memory
Working memory

45
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

The transient retention of sensory information in sensory structures

46
Q

What is short term memory?

A

Short-term stores for information about the world

47
Q

What is working memory?

A

Storing, focusing attention on and manipulating information for a relatively short period of time

48
Q

What is the auditory verbal information presented as?

A

Sort of echo in head

49
Q

What is Echoic memory?

A

Persistence of the auditory sensory memory trace

50
Q

What is Iconic memory?

A

Persistence of the visual sensory memory trace

51
Q

How can sensory memory trace be measured by?

A

Event-related potential (ERP)

Event-related field (ERF)

52
Q

What is the event-related potential?

A

Measures brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory,cognitive or motor event

53
Q

What does the auditory stimuli leave in the auditory system?

A

A trace that affects the processing of subsequent stimuli

54
Q

What is the mismatch negative a difference between?

A

Deviant and normal standard stimulus

55
Q

How long does the memory trace of auditory stimuli last for?

A

9-10 seconds

56
Q

What happens after 10 seconds?

A

The brain is free to process another secondary stimulus

57
Q

What does the echoic memory have a time course of?

A

Around 10 seconds

58
Q

What is neural trace of visual stimulus?

A

Only 300 to 500 msec

59
Q

Sensory memory

A

Relatively high capacity (can retain a lot of information

For a very short period

60
Q

Short term memory

A

A more limited capacity

Longer time course (sec to min)

61
Q

Who studied the capacity of short term memory?

A

George Miller

62
Q

What is capacity (span)?

A

Quantity of information can be held in memory

63
Q

What is attention?

A

To move information from sensory to short term memory (STM)

64
Q

What is rehearsal?

A

To move information from short term memory (STM) to long term memory (LTM)

65
Q

What is retrieval?

A

To move information back into short-term memory (STM) from the long term memory (LTM)

66
Q

What does the short-term memory store?

A

Approximately 7+/-2 items in an acoustic code for 15-30 seconds

67
Q

What is displacement?

A

New information comes along and pushes the old information out

68
Q

What is decay?

A

Information simply fade away

69
Q

What is central executive?

A

Drives the whole system and allocated data to the subsystems
The phonological loop
Visuospatial sketchpad
Deals with cognitive task: mental arithmetic and problem solving
Manages attention
Coordinates interaction between two short term memory stores and with long term memory

70
Q

What is the visuospatial sketch pad (inner ear)?

A

Stores and processes information in a visual or visuospatial code

71
Q

What is the phonological loop?

A

Part of working memory

Deals with spoken or written material

72
Q

What are the two parts of the phonological loop?

A 
Phonological store (inner ear)
Articulatory control process (inner voice)
73
Q

What is the phonological store?

A

Linked to speech perception
Holds information in a speech based form (spoken words) for 1-2 seconds
Short lived acoustic store for sound input and any visually presented language converted by articulatory control process

74
Q

What is the articulatory control process?

A

Linked to speech production

Used to rehearse and store verbal information from the phonological store

75
Q

What does the visuospatial sketchpad depend on?

A

Integrity in both hemispheres

76
Q

What does phonological loop depend on?

A

Integrity in left hemisphere

77
Q

Lesion in either LEFT hemisphere

A 
Lateral frontal lobe 
Brodmann area 44 (Broca’s area)
Inferior parietal love 
Left supramarginal gyrus
Brodmann area 40
78
Q

Lesions in either RIGHT or LEFT hemisphere

A

deficit in visuospatial working memory

79
Q

What are examples of right/left hemisphere

A 
Anterior occipital cortex 
(Extrastriate cortex)
Broadmann Rea 19
Inferior posterior parietal lobe
Supramarginal gyrus 
Broadmann area 40
80
Q

Where did KF suffer brain damage?

A

Left posterior parietal brain area from a motor cycle accident
Damaged his short term memory

81
Q

What happens when there is no frontal cortex?

A

Information cannot be held

82
Q

What requires an intact medial temporal lobe?

A

Acquiring new declarative memories

83
Q

What was not used during HM surgery?

A

Ferromagnetic materials

84
Q

Half of the posterior region of H.M. hippocampus was…

A

Intact

85
Q

How much of the medial temporal lobe have been removed?

A

Only 5cm

86
Q

What was mostly spared?

A

The posterior parahippocampal gyrus

87
Q

What was removed?

A

Anterior portions of the parahippocampal gyrus

Most of the perirhinal and most or all of the entorhinal cortices

88
Q

How did patient R.B lose his memory?

A

After an ischemic episode during heart bypass surgery (1968)

89
Q

What did patient R.B have?

A

Dense anterograde amnesia

Mild temporal retrograde amnesia

90
Q

With R.B what appeared to be intact?

A

Hippocampus

91
Q

Where did R.B have a very specific lesion restricted to?

A

CA1 pyramidal cells

92
Q

What is particularly vulnerable to injury?

A

CA1 subfield of the hippocampus

93
Q

What is crucial for the formation of new long term memories?

A

Hippocampus

94
Q

What can Amnesia be caused by?

A 
Lesions in regions connected to, but outside of, the medial temporal lobes 
Stroke
Tumour
Trauma
Metabolic problems

System Neuroscience (17 decks)

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