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System Neuroscience > Week 2 - Synaptic Plasticity > Flashcards

Week 2 - Synaptic Plasticity Flashcards

1
Q

What is Explicit/Declarative memory?

A

Memory of facts/events also spatial memory
Consciously recalled
Easy to acquire, easy to forget

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2
Q

What is Implicit/non-declarative memory?

A

Memory for skills,habits and behaviours
Without conscious awareness once learned
Requires repetition and practice
Less likely to be forgotten once learned

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3
Q

What underlies the formation of short term memory?

A

Buffers

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4
Q

Where is Hippocampus found?

A

In the temporal lobe

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5
Q

What does hippocampus relate to?

A

The rest of the limbic system

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6
Q

What does the hippocampus connect to?

A

Hypothalamus
Mammillary bodies
Fornix
Amygdala

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7
Q

What does Amygdala mediate?

A

Fear conditioning

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8
Q

What is the stratium involved in?

A

Motor skill learning

Learning of skills

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9
Q

What happens when the hippocampus is removed?

A

The ability to remember and the ability to acquire new information/history

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10
Q

What does the limbic system consist of?

A

Cingulate gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Amygdala
Hippocampus

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11
Q

What 2 areas does the hippocampus Contain?

A

Dentate gyrus

Hippocampus proper

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12
Q

What is the trisynaptic loop?

A

relay of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus

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13
Q

What are the 3 major cell groups of the trisynaptic loop?

A

Granule cells
CA3 (Cornu Ammonis area 3) pyramidal neurons
CA1 (Cornu Amnonis area 1) pyramidal cells

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14
Q

Where does the first projection of the hippocampus gyrus occur between?

A

Entorhinal cortex

Dentate gyrus

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15
Q

Where does the entorhinal cortex transmit its signal from and to?

A

From: parahippocampal gyrus
To: dentate gyrus
Via granule cell fibre (performant path)

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16
Q

Where does the dentate gyrus synapse on?

A

Pyramidal cells in CA3 via mossy cells fibres

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17
Q

Where does CA3 fire to?

A

CA1 via Schaffer collaterals which synapse on the subiculum and are carried out through fornix

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18
Q

What is hippocampus associated with?

A

Long-term memory

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19
Q

What can damage to hippocampus lead to?

A

Loss of memory
Difficulty in establishing new memories
New information is not stored, but I do information remains intact

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20
Q

What does hippocampus play a major role in?

A

Encoding and storing information

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21
Q

Who won the Brain prize in 2016?

A

Timothy Bliss
Graham Collingridge
Richard Morris

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22
Q

What did Timothy Bliss do?

A

Discovered LTP
Record imperforate pathway (entorhinal cortex to granule cells connections)
In one hemisphere, record a stable recording over many hours
In another hemisphere apply a higher frequency activity (stimulate axons)
Record responses

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23
Q

What happens after an increased frequency activity is applied?

A

The response size will also increase

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24
Q

What did Graham Collingridge do?

A

Molecular mechanism behind LTP

Led to discovery of NMDA receptor

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25
Q

What happens when NMDA receptor is working properly?

A

Important for learning and memory

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26
Q

What happens when NMDA receptor is not functioning?

A

Major neurological and psychiatric conditions

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27
Q

What did Richard Morris do?

A

Proved the importance of LTP to animals ability to learn and remember
Treated rats with a special drug that blocked the normal LTP process

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28
Q

Without LTP what were animals incapable of doing?

A

Learning and navigating their way round a maze

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29
Q

What was Hebb’s postulate?

A

Neurons that fire together wire together

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30
Q

Where does an increase in synaptic efficacy arise from?

A

Presynaptic cells repeated and persistent stimulation of the postsynaptic cell

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31
Q

Where did Bliss and Lomo record from?

A

Dentate gyrus of anaesthesised rabbits in vivo

Performant path input to dentate gyrus (granule cells)

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32
Q

What produced a stable synaptic response?

A

Stimulation of axons at low Basal rate

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33
Q

What resulted in a persistent increase in response size - LTP?

A

Application of a single high frequency stimulus

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34
Q

How do you induce LTP?

A

Apply 100Hz of tetanus for 1 second

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35
Q

How to achieve 4-5 action potential?

A

Small bursts of 4 pulses over 200ms

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36
Q

What is feta frequency?

A

Frequency used for the brain to learn

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37
Q

What are the basic properties of CA3-CA1 LTP?

A

Input specificity
Associativity
Cooperatively
Longevity

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38
Q

What is Input specificity?

A

Once induced, LTP at one synapse does not spread to other synapses

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39
Q

What is associativity?

A

One stimulus is weaker and the other stronger, the two types of stimulation will associate

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40
Q

What is cooperativity?

A

LTP can be induced by either strong tetanic stimulation of a single pathway
Or cooperatively via weaker stimulation of many
Activate a single pathway above a certain threshold

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41
Q

What is longevity?

A

In living animal, LTP can be recorded up to 360 days after induction
Maintain strength for a very long time
Encore long lasting memory

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42
Q

What does dentate granule cells receive?

A

Perforant path from EC

43
Q

What can stop AP conduction?

A

Na+ deactivation

44
Q

What happens at higher frequencies?

A

Activate more synapses

45
Q

What are the other properties of CA3-CA1 LTP?

A

Reversibility

Saturation

46
Q

What is reversibility?

A

LTP effects can be reversed/turned back

47
Q

What are responses in associativity mediated by?

A

AMPA receptors

48
Q

What happens through the Glutamate subtype AMPA receptors?

A

Fast neurotransmission of the brain

49
Q

What is GluN1 binding site bind to?

A

Glycine NT

50
Q

What does GluN2 bind to?

A

Glutamate

51
Q

What does binding of both glycine and glutamate result in?

A

Channel to open

52
Q

How do you activate NMDA receptor?

A

changing AMPA response

53
Q

How can you stop the induction of LTP?

A

Apply Gamma DGG and give tetanus

54
Q

What is the role of gamma DGG?

A

Blocks both NMDA receptors

Blocks a little bit of the AMPA receptors

55
Q

How are NMDA blocked?

A

By magnesium during resting membrane potential

56
Q

How does depolarisation occur?

A

Activation of AMPA receptors

57
Q

What are co-transmitters for NMDA receptors?

A

Glycine and glutamate

58
Q

What happens under base line conditions?

A

Release of Glutamate (activates AMPA receptors)

Product EPSP in the cell

59
Q

What are the channels that the inhibitory crops activate?

A

Ionotropic GABA A receptors
Glutamate receptors
AMPA/NMDA type

60
Q

What are GABA B receptors?

A

Pre-synaptic alpha receptors
Lint the release of GABA
Cause a decrease in chloride current

61
Q

What does the activation of inhibitory network affect?

A

Excitatory network

62
Q

What are excitatory cells surrounded by?

A

Cloud of inhibitory cells

63
Q

What occurs during Basal low frequency transmission?

A

IPSP stops NMDA receptor activation

64
Q

What occurs during repetitive stimulation of GABA B receptor?

A

Activation presynaptically reduces GABA release which reduces postsynaptic IPSP

65
Q

Where is Ca2+ coming from?

A

Extra synaptic into the intrasynaptic site binding to the flourescent dye and give us the signal inside

66
Q

What are involved in LTP in adults?

A

Multiple kinases

67
Q

What does the kinases have the ability to do?

A

Change how the cell functions

Phosphorylate receptors and phosphorylate different factors inside of the cell

68
Q

What can kinases do?

A

Block LTP

69
Q

Short term potentiation

A

30 minutes or so

70
Q

Early LTP

A

A few hours

Protein synthesis independent

71
Q

Late LTP

A

Protein synthesis dependent

72
Q

What is the time constant of decay of STP?

A

10-20 minutes

73
Q

What is the time constant of decay of PTP?

A

6 seconds

74
Q

Which one is a NMDA receptor dependent?

A

STP

75
Q

Which one is the NMDA receptor independent?

A

PTP

76
Q

What can block induction of STP?

A

Activation of AP5

77
Q

What does compound UBP145 do?

A

Block GluN2d subunit of NMDA receptor

78
Q

Why do we need STP?

A

We need to remember short lasting memories

79
Q

How is transmission increased?

A

Presynaptic changes and increase amount of Glutamate
Increase release probability - more synapses will release more reliably when an AP comes
Change the number of AMPA receptors
Externalise more receptors and increase the response
Change the amount of current the receptor can pass through
Phosphorylate AMPA receptors - make opening larger leading to more influx of Na+
Grow more synapses and make more connections

80
Q

What is pre-pulse facilitation?

A

When two pulses are given at short intervals

81
Q

What are the variety of mechanisms of ways of STP and LTP expression depend on?

A

Developmental stage
Brain region
Induction parameters

82
Q

What is the summary of CA3-CA1 LTP?

A

Induction is NMDA receptor-dependent
Requires postsynaptic calcium rise
Involves multiple kinases
May involve changes in postsynaptic AMPA receptor number or conductance
Involve presynaptic increase in Glutamate release
Involve multiple processes

83
Q

What is Mossy fibre LTP?

A

Happens at CA3 cells
Different from CA1 LTP
A lot of kainite receptors
Kainite receptors are ca2+ conducting

84
Q

What is CA3 to CA1 synapse?

A

glutamatergic

85
Q

What is Mossy fibre LTP?

A

NMDAR independent

86
Q

Does AP5 block LTP in Mossy fibres?

A

No

87
Q

What is Mossy fibre LTP blocked by?

A

Antagonists of KainateRs

88
Q

What is an example of an antagonist against kainate receptors?

A

Acet

89
Q

When is LTD induced?

A

Low frequency stimulation is given to the axon

90
Q

What is depression of synaptic transmission sensitive to?

A

AP5

91
Q

What happens when you use electrode to block ca2+?

A

Block the ability to induce LTD

92
Q

How else is LTD induced?

A

with a receptor that has GLUN2B subunit

93
Q

How is LTD seen?

A

Slices prepared from young rats

94
Q

What is LTD dependent on?

A

Activation of protein phosphatases

95
Q

What can LTD be?

A

Saturated and reversed

96
Q

What is an example of LTD mechanism that exists in adults?

A

mGluR LTD

97
Q

What are kinases in LTP insensitive to?

A

Ca2+

98
Q

What are phosphatases more sensitive to?

A

Ca2+

99
Q

What are LTP and LTD?

A

Complementary types of plasticity

100
Q

What does induction of LTP produce?

A

Large intracellular calcium rise for a short period of time

101
Q

What does induction of LTD produce?

A

Smaller rise in calcium over a longer time scale

102
Q

What are kinases involved in?

A

LTP (e.g. CaMKII)
Insensitive to calcium
Need a big calcium change to be activated

103
Q

What are phosphatases involved in?

A

LTD
More sensitive to calcium
Activated by small calcium changes

System Neuroscience (17 decks)

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