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System Neuroscience > Week 2 - Synaptic Plasticity > Flashcards

Week 2 - Synaptic Plasticity Flashcards

1
Q

What is Explicit/Declarative memory?

A

Memory of facts/events also spatial memory
Consciously recalled
Easy to acquire, easy to forget

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2
Q

What is Implicit/non-declarative memory?

A

Memory for skills,habits and behaviours
Without conscious awareness once learned
Requires repetition and practice
Less likely to be forgotten once learned

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3
Q

What underlies the formation of short term memory?

A

Buffers

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4
Q

Where is Hippocampus found?

A

In the temporal lobe

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5
Q

What does hippocampus relate to?

A

The rest of the limbic system

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6
Q

What does the hippocampus connect to?

A

Hypothalamus
Mammillary bodies
Fornix
Amygdala

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7
Q

What does Amygdala mediate?

A

Fear conditioning

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8
Q

What is the stratium involved in?

A

Motor skill learning

Learning of skills

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9
Q

What happens when the hippocampus is removed?

A

The ability to remember and the ability to acquire new information/history

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10
Q

What does the limbic system consist of?

A

Cingulate gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Amygdala
Hippocampus

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11
Q

What 2 areas does the hippocampus Contain?

A

Dentate gyrus

Hippocampus proper

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12
Q

What is the trisynaptic loop?

A

relay of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus

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13
Q

What are the 3 major cell groups of the trisynaptic loop?

A

Granule cells
CA3 (Cornu Ammonis area 3) pyramidal neurons
CA1 (Cornu Amnonis area 1) pyramidal cells

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14
Q

Where does the first projection of the hippocampus gyrus occur between?

A

Entorhinal cortex

Dentate gyrus

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15
Q

Where does the entorhinal cortex transmit its signal from and to?

A

From: parahippocampal gyrus
To: dentate gyrus
Via granule cell fibre (performant path)

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16
Q

Where does the dentate gyrus synapse on?

A

Pyramidal cells in CA3 via mossy cells fibres

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17
Q

Where does CA3 fire to?

A

CA1 via Schaffer collaterals which synapse on the subiculum and are carried out through fornix

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18
Q

What is hippocampus associated with?

A

Long-term memory

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19
Q

What can damage to hippocampus lead to?

A

Loss of memory
Difficulty in establishing new memories
New information is not stored, but I do information remains intact

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20
Q

What does hippocampus play a major role in?

A

Encoding and storing information

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21
Q

Who won the Brain prize in 2016?

A

Timothy Bliss
Graham Collingridge
Richard Morris

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22
Q

What did Timothy Bliss do?

A

Discovered LTP
Record imperforate pathway (entorhinal cortex to granule cells connections)
In one hemisphere, record a stable recording over many hours
In another hemisphere apply a higher frequency activity (stimulate axons)
Record responses

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23
Q

What happens after an increased frequency activity is applied?

A

The response size will also increase

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24
Q

What did Graham Collingridge do?

A

Molecular mechanism behind LTP

Led to discovery of NMDA receptor

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25
What happens when NMDA receptor is working properly?
Important for learning and memory
26
What happens when NMDA receptor is not functioning?
Major neurological and psychiatric conditions
27
What did Richard Morris do?
Proved the importance of LTP to animals ability to learn and remember Treated rats with a special drug that blocked the normal LTP process
28
Without LTP what were animals incapable of doing?
Learning and navigating their way round a maze
29
What was Hebb’s postulate?
Neurons that fire together wire together
30
Where does an increase in synaptic efficacy arise from?
Presynaptic cells repeated and persistent stimulation of the postsynaptic cell
31
Where did Bliss and Lomo record from?
Dentate gyrus of anaesthesised rabbits in vivo | Performant path input to dentate gyrus (granule cells)
32
What produced a stable synaptic response?
Stimulation of axons at low Basal rate
33
What resulted in a persistent increase in response size - LTP?
Application of a single high frequency stimulus
34
How do you induce LTP?
Apply 100Hz of tetanus for 1 second
35
How to achieve 4-5 action potential?
Small bursts of 4 pulses over 200ms
36
What is feta frequency?
Frequency used for the brain to learn
37
What are the basic properties of CA3-CA1 LTP?
Input specificity Associativity Cooperatively Longevity
38
What is Input specificity?
Once induced, LTP at one synapse does not spread to other synapses
39
What is associativity?
One stimulus is weaker and the other stronger, the two types of stimulation will associate
40
What is cooperativity?
LTP can be induced by either strong tetanic stimulation of a single pathway Or cooperatively via weaker stimulation of many Activate a single pathway above a certain threshold
41
What is longevity?
In living animal, LTP can be recorded up to 360 days after induction Maintain strength for a very long time Encore long lasting memory
42
What does dentate granule cells receive?
Perforant path from EC
43
What can stop AP conduction?
Na+ deactivation
44
What happens at higher frequencies?
Activate more synapses
45
What are the other properties of CA3-CA1 LTP?
Reversibility | Saturation
46
What is reversibility?
LTP effects can be reversed/turned back
47
What are responses in associativity mediated by?
AMPA receptors
48
What happens through the Glutamate subtype AMPA receptors?
Fast neurotransmission of the brain
49
What is GluN1 binding site bind to?
Glycine NT
50
What does GluN2 bind to?
Glutamate
51
What does binding of both glycine and glutamate result in?
Channel to open
52
How do you activate NMDA receptor?
changing AMPA response
53
How can you stop the induction of LTP?
Apply Gamma DGG and give tetanus
54
What is the role of gamma DGG?
Blocks both NMDA receptors | Blocks a little bit of the AMPA receptors
55
How are NMDA blocked?
By magnesium during resting membrane potential
56
How does depolarisation occur?
Activation of AMPA receptors
57
What are co-transmitters for NMDA receptors?
Glycine and glutamate
58
What happens under base line conditions?
Release of Glutamate (activates AMPA receptors) | Product EPSP in the cell
59
What are the channels that the inhibitory crops activate?
Ionotropic GABA A receptors Glutamate receptors AMPA/NMDA type
60
What are GABA B receptors?
Pre-synaptic alpha receptors Lint the release of GABA Cause a decrease in chloride current
61
What does the activation of inhibitory network affect?
Excitatory network
62
What are excitatory cells surrounded by?
Cloud of inhibitory cells
63
What occurs during Basal low frequency transmission?
IPSP stops NMDA receptor activation
64
What occurs during repetitive stimulation of GABA B receptor?
Activation presynaptically reduces GABA release which reduces postsynaptic IPSP
65
Where is Ca2+ coming from?
Extra synaptic into the intrasynaptic site binding to the flourescent dye and give us the signal inside
66
What are involved in LTP in adults?
Multiple kinases
67
What does the kinases have the ability to do?
Change how the cell functions | Phosphorylate receptors and phosphorylate different factors inside of the cell
68
What can kinases do?
Block LTP
69
Short term potentiation
30 minutes or so
70
Early LTP
A few hours | Protein synthesis independent
71
Late LTP
Protein synthesis dependent
72
What is the time constant of decay of STP?
10-20 minutes
73
What is the time constant of decay of PTP?
6 seconds
74
Which one is a NMDA receptor dependent?
STP
75
Which one is the NMDA receptor independent?
PTP
76
What can block induction of STP?
Activation of AP5
77
What does compound UBP145 do?
Block GluN2d subunit of NMDA receptor
78
Why do we need STP?
We need to remember short lasting memories
79
How is transmission increased?
Presynaptic changes and increase amount of Glutamate Increase release probability - more synapses will release more reliably when an AP comes Change the number of AMPA receptors Externalise more receptors and increase the response Change the amount of current the receptor can pass through Phosphorylate AMPA receptors - make opening larger leading to more influx of Na+ Grow more synapses and make more connections
80
What is pre-pulse facilitation?
When two pulses are given at short intervals
81
What are the variety of mechanisms of ways of STP and LTP expression depend on?
Developmental stage Brain region Induction parameters
82
What is the summary of CA3-CA1 LTP?
Induction is NMDA receptor-dependent Requires postsynaptic calcium rise Involves multiple kinases May involve changes in postsynaptic AMPA receptor number or conductance Involve presynaptic increase in Glutamate release Involve multiple processes
83
What is Mossy fibre LTP?
Happens at CA3 cells Different from CA1 LTP A lot of kainite receptors Kainite receptors are ca2+ conducting
84
What is CA3 to CA1 synapse?
glutamatergic
85
What is Mossy fibre LTP?
NMDAR independent
86
Does AP5 block LTP in Mossy fibres?
No
87
What is Mossy fibre LTP blocked by?
Antagonists of KainateRs
88
What is an example of an antagonist against kainate receptors?
Acet
89
When is LTD induced?
Low frequency stimulation is given to the axon
90
What is depression of synaptic transmission sensitive to?
AP5
91
What happens when you use electrode to block ca2+?
Block the ability to induce LTD
92
How else is LTD induced?
with a receptor that has GLUN2B subunit
93
How is LTD seen?
Slices prepared from young rats
94
What is LTD dependent on?
Activation of protein phosphatases
95
What can LTD be?
Saturated and reversed
96
What is an example of LTD mechanism that exists in adults?
mGluR LTD
97
What are kinases in LTP insensitive to?
Ca2+
98
What are phosphatases more sensitive to?
Ca2+
99
What are LTP and LTD?
Complementary types of plasticity
100
What does induction of LTP produce?
Large intracellular calcium rise for a short period of time
101
What does induction of LTD produce?
Smaller rise in calcium over a longer time scale
102
What are kinases involved in?
LTP (e.g. CaMKII) Insensitive to calcium Need a big calcium change to be activated
103
What are phosphatases involved in?
LTD More sensitive to calcium Activated by small calcium changes

System Neuroscience (17 decks)

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