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System Neuroscience > Week 1 - Introduction To Systems > Flashcards

Week 1 - Introduction To Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is Systems Neuroscience?

A

Studies the function of neural circuits and systems
It is an umbrella term encompasses many areas of study concerned with how nerve cells behave when connected to form neural networks

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2
Q

What are examples of amino acid neurotransmitters?

A

GABA
Glutamate
Glycine

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3
Q

What are examples of amine neurotransmitters?

A 
Acetylcholine 
Dopamine
Epinephrine
Histamine 
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
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4
Q

What are examples of peptide neurotransmitters?

A 
Cholecystokinin
Dynorphin
Enkephalins
N-Acetylaspartylglutamate
Neuropeptide Y
Somatostatin
Substance P
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone 
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
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5
Q

What are neurotransmitters involved in?

A

Every neuronal system
E.g. motor system [Parkinson]
Failure/degeneration of dopaminergic neurons
5-HT serotonin

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6
Q

What are the differences between classical neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neurotrophic factors depend on?

A

The duration of action of neurotransmitters e.g.
GABA (inhibitory)
Glutamate (excitatory)
ACH

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7
Q

Adrenaline

A

Fight or flight neurotransmitter

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8
Q

Noradrenaline

A

Concentration neurotransmitter

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9
Q

Dopamine

A

Pleasure neurotransmitter

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10
Q

Serotonin

A

Mood neurotransmitter

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11
Q

GABA

A

Calming neurotransmitter

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12
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Learning neurotransmitter

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13
Q

Glutamate

A

Memory neurotransmitter

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14
Q

Endorphins

A

Euphoria neurotransmitter

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15
Q

What is Neuromuscular junction?

A
  1. Multi-vesicular release

2. Acetylcholine (excitatory)

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16
Q

What is central synapse?

A
  1. Single release zones

2. Glutamate (excitatory)

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17
Q

What is inhibitory neurotransmission?

A
  1. GABA (in the brain)

2. Glycine (in the spinal cord)

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18
Q

What are ligand-gated?

A

G protein coupled/metabotropic receptors

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19
Q

What do Metabotropic receptors activate?

A

Secondary messengers

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20
Q

What is the general structure of ionotropic receptors?

A

A relatively large multi-subunit compels
Composed of 4-5 individual proteins
Combine to form an ion channel through membrane

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21
Q

What is the mechanism of ionotropic receptors?

A

In the absence of neurotransmitters, ion channel exists in a closed state (impermeable to ions)
Binding of a neurotransmitter molecule induced rapid conformation change allowing molecules to flow down their electrochemical gradients
The ion flow ceases when the neurotransmitter dissociates from the receptor
Or the receptor becomes desensitised

22
Q

What is the general structure of metabotropic receptors?

A

A single polypeptide, although domestic form exists

23
Q

What is the mechanism of metabotropic receptors?

A

Exerts it’s effect not directly by opening an ion channel but through binding to and activating GTP-binding proteins

24
Q

Transmitters that bind to GPCR typically produce what type of response?

A

Slower onset

Longer duration

25
Q

What is the cell bodied of the Cholinergic system?

A 
Nucleus of Meynert (projects to the cortex)
Medial septum (projects to hippocampus)
26
Q

What is the nucleus of Meynert and medial septum vital for?

A

Normal cognition and memory

27
Q

What do cell bodies in brain system (Cholinergic system) project to?

A

Diencephalon

Basal Ganglia

28
Q

What are diencephalon and Basal Ganglia important for?

A

sleep and arousal

29
Q

What is the Cholinergic system referred to as?

A

Learning system

30
Q

What are the receptors for the Cholinergic system?

A

Nicotine (nicotinic receptors)

Muscarine (Muscarinic receptors)

31
Q

What are the cell bodies of Dopaminergic system?

A

Substantia Nigra
Ventral tegmental area
Midbrain

32
Q

What do dopamine neurons in the substantia Nigra give rise to?

A

Nigrostriatal pathway (important for motor control)

33
Q

What do dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area give rise to?

A

Mesocorticolimbic pathway

Reward, reinforcement and appetitive behaviour

34
Q

What are the receptors of the Dopaminergic system?

A

Metabotropic receptors

All are G-coupled receptors

35
Q

What can dopamine have?

A

Excitatory or inhibitory effect depending on which receptors it binds to

36
Q

What does dopamine binding to one of its 5 receptors activate?

A

G-protein

37
Q

What is D1-like receptors?

A

D1 and D5

Stimulate the activity of adenylyl cyclase

38
Q

What is D2-like receptors?

A

D2, D3 and D4

Inhibit the activity of adenylyl cyclase

39
Q

What is the cell bodies of Noradrenaline system?

A

Locus coeruleus

About 12,000 neurons per hemisphere

40
Q

What are the projections for Noradrenaline system?

A

Diffuse to the entire cortical mantle, diencephalon and cerebellum

41
Q

Each NA neuron can make up to how many synapses?

A

250,000

42
Q

What are the receptors for Noradrenaline system?

A

Metabotropic receptors

43
Q

What is the function of Noradrenaline system receptors?

A

Regulate central role in autonomic function

44
Q

In the periphery, what does adrenaline do?

A

Increase heart rate
Construct blood vessels
Relaxes airways

45
Q

What are all the postsynaptic noradrenergic receptors?

A

Excitatory (B1, B2, B3 and A1)

46
Q

What is the presynaptic alpha 2 autoreceptor?

A

Inhibitory

47
Q

What are the cell bodies for serotonin (5-HT) system?

A

Midline raphe nuclei throughout the brainstem

48
Q

Where does the caudal raphe nuclei project to?

A

Spinal cord

Important for the modulation of afferents pain signals

49
Q

Where does the raphe nuclei project to?

A

Everywhere else

50
Q

What are the receptors for the serotonin system?

A

5-HT1E-F and 5-HT2A-C (post-synaptic metabotropic receptors)
5-HT1A,B and D (presynaptic Metabotropic receptors)
5-HT3 (postsynaptic ionotropic receptors)

System Neuroscience (17 decks)

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