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Bio 223 > week 6 muscular system > Flashcards

week 6 muscular system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

dorsal root and ventral root will form together to form

A

spinal nerves

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2
Q

How many cranial nerves and how are they separated

A

12 pairs
CN I olfactory
CN II optic
CN III-XII arise from brainstem

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3
Q

parasympathetic nerve forms plexus with

A

sympathetic fibers

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4
Q

White rami communicantes

A

preganglionic fibers, myelianted, leave at thoracolumbar segments of spinal cord

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5
Q

gray rami communicantes

A

some postganglionic fibers, unmyelinated; leave ganglia to spinal nerves

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6
Q

Gray Vs White matter

A

in spinal cord gray surrounded by white

in brain white surrounded by gray

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7
Q

splanchnic vs somatic mesoderm

A

splanchnic is visceral and somatic is limbs

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8
Q

Dorsal primary ramus

A

(epimere) myoblasts form extensors muscles of vertebral column

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9
Q

ventral primary ramus

A

(hypomere) myoblasts form flexor muscles (obliques, abdominis)

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10
Q

patterns of muscle and skeletal formation in the limbs is regulated by

A

connective tissue

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11
Q

how many somites/spinal segments

A

40 somites, with 6 segments for upper limbs and 6 for lower limbs

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12
Q

ventral primary rami

A

from each segment enter mesenchyme, branch to form large dorsal and ventral nerves

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13
Q

spinal nerves differentiation and motor innervation

A

for limb muscles and sensory innervation for dermatomes

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14
Q

Afferent

A

PNS incoming, sensory

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15
Q

efferent

A

PNS outgoing, motor

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16
Q

what triggers action potential

A

sodium

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17
Q

graded potential vs fuse

A

fuses only move in one direction, graded potential move in all directions

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18
Q

Whats in the dorsal root ganglion

A

sensory cell bodies

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19
Q

whats in the anterior gray horn

A

motor cell bodies

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20
Q

sensory cell bodies enter through a

A

dorsal root

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21
Q

motor cell bodies exit through a

A

ventral root

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22
Q

Nerves vs tracts

A

nerves are in PNS

tracts are bundles of axons in CNS

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23
Q

spinothalmic pathway

A

crude touch, pressure, pair, temperature

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24
Q

posterior column pathway

A

fine touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception

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25
Q

spinocerebellar pathway

A

proprioception (below awareness), anterior tracts and posterior tracts

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26
Q

corticospinal pathway

A

axons from motor cortex of cerebrum to brain stem or spinal cord, conscious, many cross, synapse on lower motor neuron.

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27
Q

medial and lateral pathways

A

gross movement of trunk/proximal limb (medial), fine movement of distal limb (lateral)

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28
Q

monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes provide

A

rapid involuntary stereotyped responses that maintain homeostasis

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29
Q

Classification of reflexes

A

development (innate or acquired), type of motor response (visceral, somatic), complexity of neural circuit (monosynaptic or polysynaptic), site of information processing (spinal or cranial)

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30
Q

Innate reflexes

A

based on genetics, formed at birth

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31
Q

acquired reflexes

A

rapid, automatic, learned motor patterns

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32
Q

somatic reflexes

A

immediate (involuntary)

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33
Q

visceral reflexes

A

autonomic reflexes (control of systems other than muscular)

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34
Q

monosynaptic reflex

A

simple relex arc

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35
Q

polysynaptic reflex

A

at least one interneuron between sensory and motor neuron

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36
Q

Neuronal pools

A

functions groups of interconnected neurons

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37
Q

divergence

A

stimulation to many neurons or neuronal pools in CNS

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38
Q

convergence

A

input from many sources to single neuron

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39
Q

serial processing

A

moves information in single line

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40
Q

parallel processing

A

same information along several paths simultaneously

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41
Q

reverberation

A

positive feedback mechanism, functions until inhibited

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42
Q

reflex

A

automatic response to a stimulus

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43
Q

spinal reflexes

A

automatic responses coordinated within spinal cord, through interconnected sensory neurons, motor and interneurons.

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44
Q

reflex arc

A

the wiring of a single reflex, beginning at receptor and ending at peripheral effector

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45
Q

5 steps in a simple neural reflex

A
  1. stimulus activates receptor
  2. activation of sensory neurons
  3. information processing by postsynaptic cell
  4. activation of motor neuron
  5. response of peripheral effector
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46
Q

contralateral reflex arc

A

motor response occurs on the side opposite to the stimulus; here crossed extensor reflex complements flexor reflex….occur simultaneously using reverberating circuits and positive feedback (leg shifts to one weight)

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47
Q

Cerebellum

A

coordinates motor patterns

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48
Q

hypothalamus

A

autonomic centers (heart rate)

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49
Q

thalamus

A

processing center

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50
Q

cerebrum w/ superficial cortex

A

conscious thought

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51
Q

3 types of muscle

A

cardiac, smooth, skeletal

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52
Q

3 layers of muscle connective tissue

A

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

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53
Q

muscles have extensive vascular system that

A

supply large amounts of oxygen, supply nutrients, remove metabolic waste

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54
Q

bundles of fiber

A

tendon

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55
Q

sheet of fibers

A

aponeurosis

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56
Q

satellite cells

A

stem cells

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57
Q

sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of muscle fiber

58
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle fiber

59
Q

myofibrils

A

a lot of these, responsible for muscle contraction and then separated into myofilaments

60
Q

myofilaments

A

thin (myotin) and thick (myosin)

61
Q

sacroplasmic recticulum

A

network sorrounded each myofibril

62
Q

calcium release ____ and triggers _____

A

neurotransmitters; muscle contractions

63
Q

sacromeres

A

smallest functional unit of muscle fiber

64
Q

A bands

A

Dark bands

65
Q

I bands

A

light bands

66
Q

Actin

A

thin/light

67
Q

myosin

A

thick/dark

68
Q

T Tubules release calcium so

A

position is important so that all myofilaments get calcium

69
Q

A band

A

overlapping thick and thin myofilaments

70
Q

Myosin is in the center of

A

sacromere

71
Q

H band

A

region of thick myofilaments only

72
Q

Z lines

A

boundary between sacromeres

73
Q

Actinin

A

protein that helps interconnect thin myofilments of adjacent sacromeres

74
Q

Titin

A

elastic protein; helps keep thick and thin myofilaments properly aligned and prevents overstretching of muscle fiber

75
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

thin myofilaments slide toward the center of the sarcomere, shortening it

76
Q

resting membrane potential of skeletal muscle cell

A

-85 mV

77
Q

neuron and skeletal muscle fibers are

A

excitable

78
Q

voltage gated

A

channels allow the AP to start in the neuron and release ACh (Na+ is one of them)

79
Q

chemical gated

A

channels allow the AP to start in the muscle (chemical because ACh, the neurotransmitter is the chemical that binds to the channel to open it).

80
Q

Threshold, depolarization and hyper polarization for muscle fibers

A

-55 threshold
-85 depolarization
beyond -95 hyperpolarization

81
Q

synaptic cleft

A

narrow space that separates the axon terminal of the neuron from the opposing motor end plate

82
Q

AChE

A

breaks down ACh

83
Q

muscle cell has ____ inside instead of outside like a neuron

A

calcium

84
Q

Ca++ binds to ____ allowing a change in a position

A

troponin; results in the exposure of the active sites on the thin filaments.

85
Q

resting sacromere

A

zone of overlap isn’t fully overlapping to m line

86
Q

contracting sacromere

A

zone of overlap nearly reaches m line

87
Q

Origins and insertions

A

muscles have one fixed point of attachment (origin)

and one moving point of attachment (insertion)

88
Q

Agonist

A

prime mover

89
Q

Sympathetic

A

fight or flight, synapse at distance from target, uses NE chemicals, decrease gut activity, increase heart and respiratory rates; affect blood flow and pressure. dilates vessels serving as skeletal muscles. constrict vessel serving as internal organs

90
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest. synapse at or near target. uses ACh chemical. increase gut activity, decreases heart and respiratory rates. affect blood flow and pressure. constrict vessels serving skeletal muscles and dilate vessels serving internal organs

91
Q

quadratus lumborum is a

A

flexor of the vertebral column

92
Q

Levator Ani made up of two muscles

A

Pubococcygeus and Iliococcygeus

93
Q

external anal sphincter is innervated by

A

hemorrhoidal branch of pudendal nerve

94
Q

coccygeus is innervated by

A

inferior sacral nerves

95
Q

Urogenital triangle is innervated by the

A

perineal branch of the pudendal nerve

96
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

indirect bony connection to vertebral column.

97
Q

caudal doral

A

extensors (deltoid, glutei, wrist, ankle)

98
Q

caudal ventral

A

flexors (brachii, hamstrings, wrist, ankle)

99
Q

cranial dorsal

A

triceps and quadriceps

100
Q

cranial ventral

A

pectorals and adductors

101
Q

Scapula muscles Posterior

A

bicep brachii, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, trapezius, teres minor, teres major, rhomboideus minor, rhomboideus major

102
Q

Scapula muscles Anterior

A

triceps brachii, pectoralis minor, bicep brachii,

103
Q

Humerus muscle Anterior

A

pectorals major, deltoideus, supraspinatus, latissimus doors, teres major and brachialis.

104
Q

Humerus muscle posterior

A

teres minor, lateral and medial head of triceps brachii, anconeus,

105
Q

radius and ulna muscle anterior

A

brachialis, biceps brachii, interosseous membrane, supinator, pronator quadratus,

106
Q

radius and ulna posterior muscle

A

anconeus, supinator

107
Q

Os Coxa

A

gluetus maximus, medius and minimus, at top: internal and external oblique, rectus abdominis, adductor: longs, brevis, magnus. Latissimus doors, pectinous, gracilis.

108
Q

Os Coxa medial view

A

(inside) iliacus

109
Q

Femur anterior view

A

gluteus minimus, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius,

110
Q

femur posterior view

A

gluteus medius, posts major, iliacus, gluteus maximus, adductor: brevis, magnus, and longs.

111
Q

tibia and fibula posterior view

A

semimembranosus, soleus

112
Q

tibia and fibula anterior view

A

sartorius, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis

113
Q

trapezius

A

modified, originally visceral now somatic

114
Q

trapezius function

A

movement of scapula and support of head

115
Q

origin of trapezius

A

occipital bone, spinous processes of vertebra prominent and thoracic vertebrae

116
Q

scapular action: protraction and retraction

A

shoulders shifting to side

117
Q

scapular action: depression and elevation

A

depression goes down, elevation goes up

118
Q

scapular action: downward and upward

A

shoulder up, shoulder down

119
Q

Serratus Anterior action

A

rotation of scapula, protraction of shoulder

120
Q

Serratus anterior origin

A

ribs 1-9

121
Q

Serratus anterior insertion

A

scapula

122
Q

Levator Scapulae action

A

elevates and retracts scapulae, depress glenoid

123
Q

Rhomboids action

A

adduction, retract and rotate scapulae, depress glenoid

124
Q

rhomboids innervation

A

dorsal scapular nerve

125
Q

Latissimus Dorsi action

A

extension, adduction and medial rotation of shoulder opposed by pectoralis

126
Q

Latissimus Dorsi insertion

A

humerus

127
Q

Pectoralis group spans two regions

A

cranial ventral and caudal ventral quadrants

128
Q

Pectoralis action

A

flexion, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder

129
Q

Pectoralis Minor is ____ of pectorals major

A

deep

130
Q

Pectoralis minor action

A

depress and protact shoulder, rotation of scapula and stabilizes joint

131
Q

pectoralis insertion

A

coracoid process of scapula

132
Q

Teres Major action

A

extension, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulders

133
Q

Teres Minor action

A

lateral rotation of shoulder

134
Q

Teres minor innervation

A

axilary nerve cranial dorsal

135
Q

Subscapularis action

A

medial rotation at shoulder

136
Q

Deltoideus action

A

abduction at shoulder, flexion and medial rotation, extension and lateral rotation

137
Q

supraspinatus action

A

abduction at shoulder

138
Q

muscles of the rotator cuff

A

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor

139
Q

Triceps brachii action

A

extension at elbow, adduction at shoulder

140
Q

biceps brachii action

A

flexion at elbow, supination

Bio 223 (10 decks)

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