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Bio 223 > week 4 and 5 review > Flashcards

week 4 and 5 review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Neuron

A

generates electric signal and delivers it to other cells

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2
Q

Neuroglia

A

support cells

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3
Q

Neurofibrils

A

bundles of neurofilaments that provide support for dendrites and axon

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4
Q

Neural Tissue

A

Connective tissue and it’s avascular

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5
Q

Neurons in the CNS

A

anaxonic neurons, multipolar neurons (common)

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6
Q

Neurons in the PNS

A

Bipolar and Unipolar neurons (uncommon)

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7
Q

Typical Neurons

A

have cell body, contains 2 or more long fibers, impulses are carried along one or more of these fibers, called dendrites, to the cell body.

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8
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Afferent neurons of PNS: taking the signal to the brain

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9
Q

Ganglion

A

a cluster of cell bodies

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10
Q

Myelination

A

the process of coating the axon of each neuron with myelin, which protects the neuron and helps it conduct signals in the nervous system without its axons becoming less efficient

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11
Q

Demyelination

A

reduces the rate at which axons transmit signal, resulting in a comprised immune system

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12
Q

Where is K+ greater in a neuron?

A

inside the cell

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13
Q

Where is Na+ greater in?

A

Outside the cell

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14
Q

Which components of the cell membrane control permeability

A

sodium potassium exchange pumpe

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15
Q

Passive channels

A

leak channels

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16
Q

Active channels

A

open and close response to stimuli

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17
Q

What would happen if a cell was completely permeable?

A

There would be an overflow of sodium causing an imbalance within the cell

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18
Q

T/F the electrical gradient can oppose the chemical gradient

A

True, ex: the net electrochemical gradient tends to force potassium ions out of the cell

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19
Q

What is the electrochemical gradient

A

The gradient of the electrochemical potential, the electrical potential and a difference in the chemical concentration across a membrane

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20
Q

What is a resting membrane potential

A

-70Mv, more sodium outside the neuron than potassium inside the neuron, present in neurons

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21
Q

What maintains the resting membrane potential

A

ATP

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22
Q

What is the value for a typical neuron?

A

-70Mv

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23
Q

What is the function of the Na+/K+ pump

A

balances passive forces of diffusion, ATP required.

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24
Q

Chemically gated

A

open or close when specific chemicals, found on neuron cell body and dendrites

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25
Q

Voltage gated

A

respond to changes in membrane potential, activation gates (open), inactivation gates (close), found in neurons (axons), skeletal and cardiac muscle

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26
Q

Depolarization

A

membrane potential rises due to opening of sodium channel making an increase in sodium (moving from negative to less negative value)

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27
Q

Repolarization

A

back to normal, when the stimulus is removed, membrane potential returns to normal

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28
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

increasing the negativity of the resting potential, result of opening a potassium channel, opposite effect of opening a sodium channel, positive ions move out, not into cell (negative to more negative)

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29
Q

What is meant by graded potential?

A

change in membrane potential at site of stimulation; effect decreases with distance.

30
Q

An Action potential?

A

Propagated changes in membrane potential, affect an entire excitable membrane

31
Q

All or Nothing

A

meaning action potential is either triggered by the given stimulus (threshold reached) or not (threshold not reached)

32
Q

Pre synaptic cell

A

Arch stored in vesicles at axon terminal

33
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse, and by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve structure

34
Q

Where are neurotransmitters synthesized

A

cholinergic sysnapses

35
Q

What triggers release of neurotransmitters such as ACh

A

voltage gated arrival of action potential

36
Q

T/F The anterior median fissure and Posterior mediam sulcus divide across section of the spinal cord into dorsal and ventral halves

A

True

37
Q

Afferent Neurons

A

receive sensory and sends a signal to body for a response

38
Q

Efferent Neurons

A

Receives motor signal to send to body

39
Q

Where are the enlargements of the spinal cord located

A

Cervical and Lumbar, increased by grey matter

40
Q

Two structures combined to form the coccygeal ligament… what are they

A

conus medullaris filum terminale

41
Q

Dorsal roots

A

contains axons of sensory neurons to the spinal cord

42
Q

Ventral roots

A

contains axons of motor neurons to somatic and visceral effectors

43
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A

contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

44
Q

What is the cauda equine

A

last nerves coming out of spinal cord

45
Q

Spinal Meninges

A

Dura Mater (outer layer), Arachnoid Mater (mid layer), Pia Mater (Inner layer) of neurons

46
Q

Meningeal spaces

A

Epidural space (between dura mater and vertebral canal subdural space, Potential Space filled with CSF

47
Q

Difference between epidural block and spinal tap?

A

Epidural is a catheter left in your back, the spinal tap is a onetime shot

48
Q

Where is CSF

A

passageway of spinal cord and brain

49
Q

How is the spinal cord stabilized longitudinally? Laterally?

A

Foramen Magnum.

Laterally: denticulate ligaments

50
Q

Difference between grey and white matter

A

grey surrounds central canal, white matter is superficial

51
Q

How do sensory nuclei differ from motor nuclei

A

Sensory: posterior, receive and relay info from peripheral receptors
Motor: anterior, send motor commands to peripheral effectors

52
Q

T/F a frontal section through the central canal of the spinal cord divides across section of the spinal cord into doral and ventral halves

A

Tru

53
Q

Gray and white commisssures

A

axons cross from one side of spinal cord to toher

54
Q

Differences between funiculi and fasciculi

A

Funiculi: columns
Fasciculi: Tracts

55
Q

What is the difference between a nerve and a tract

A

A tract is a collection nerve fibers in the CNS, a nerve is a collection of nerve fibers in the PNS.

56
Q

Epineurium layer (peripheral nerves)

A

outer layer, dense network of collagen fibers

57
Q

Perineurium layer (peripheral nerves)

A

middle layer, divides nerve into fascicles (axon bundles)

58
Q

Endoneurium layer (peripheral nerves)

A

inner layer, surrounds individual axon

59
Q

Spinal nerve

A

Distribution of motor commands

60
Q

Peripheral nerve

A

Delivery of sensory information

61
Q

Nerve Plexus

A

Spinal nerves controlling skeletal muscle in neck

62
Q

Major nerve in cervical plexus and its function

A

Phrenic Nerve, controls diaphragm

63
Q

Interneurons

A

a neuron that transmits impulses between other neurons

64
Q

Two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous system (ANS)

A

Sympathetic (fight or flight) and Parasympathetic

65
Q

Somatic Nervous system vs ANS

A

SNS is voluntary and ANS is involuntary

66
Q

White ramus

A

Myelianted preganglionic fibers to sympathetic hain ganglion

67
Q

Gray Ramus

A

to spinal cord.

68
Q

Terminal Ganglion

A

near organ

69
Q

Intramural Ganglion

A

embedded in Organ

70
Q

Splanchnic nerves

A

consists of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia

Bio 223 (10 decks)

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