Week 1 Flashcards
Protein Actin and Myosin are responsible for contrition of
cardiocytes: cardiac muscle cells
Integumentary System
protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature and provides sensory information. (such as skin, hair, sweat glands and nails).
Skeletal System
Provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells. (such as bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow)
Muscular System
Provides movement, provides protection and support for other tissues, generates heat that maintains body temperature. (tendons and muscles)
Nervous system
Directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions. (Such as brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and sense organs)
Homeostasis
State of equilibrium. All body system working together to maintain a stable internal environment
-Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (such as body temp, concentration of ions, metabolic waste products)
Negative Feedback
Self corrective:
change is detected and response activated to reverse the change to achieve normal range.
Homeostasis process
Detection-Receptor-Control Center(proceses signals and sends instruction)-Effector (carries out instructions)
Positive Feedback
Self amplifying (its seeking to accept the change) Body is moved away from homeostasis, normal range is lost
Dynamic equilibrium
continual adaption
Plane
a three dimensional axis
Section
a splice parallel to a plane
Serous Membranes
Lines body cavities and covers organs. Consists of Parietal Layer and Visceral layer.
Parietal Layer
lines cavity
Visceral layer
covers organ
Gene Expression
different genes are turned ‘on’ or ‘off’ at different times in the development of different cell lines. Cells undergo differentiation as they take on their final function.
Tissues
A collection of specialized cells and products that functions cooperatively
4 main type of tissues
Epithelial tissue, connective, muscle, neural.
Epithelial tissue Overview
covers external surfaces, lines internal passageways, forms glands.
Connective tissue Overview
Specialized cells, solid extracellular protein fibers, fluid extracellular ground substance, supports other tissues, fills internal spaces, transports materials.
Matrix
determines specialized function of tissue.
Muscle tissue Overview
specialized for contraction:
skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Neural Tissue Overview
carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another, detects stimuli, processes information, coordinates response
Characteristics of Epithelia
cellularity (closely bound cells with cell junctions)
Polarity ( apical and basal surfaces)
Attachment (basement membrane aka basal lamina)
Avascular (rely on diffusion for nutrient/waste exchange
Regenerative
Stem cells
Functions of Epithelial tissue
provides protection, control permeability, provide sensation, secretory (protection of chemical messengers)
Specializations of Epithelial
moves fluid over and through the epithelium
microvilli
increase surface area
cilia
move fluid
Basolateral def
Base: connection to deeper tissue
Lateral: connection to neighboring cells
CAMs
cell membrane proteins
Proteoglycans
“cement”
GAGs
hyaluronan
3 types of junctions
tight, gap and desmosomes
tight junction
does not allow anything to pass
gap
allows for rapid communication
desmosomes
very strong,
Spot Desmosomes
tie cells together (allows bending and twisting) (zipper)
Hemi-desmosomes
attach cells to the basement membrane
Germinative Cells
epithelial cells are constantly replaced by mitotic division aka stem cells
Transitional epithelium:
Undergoes cycles of stretching and recoiling and returns to its pervious shape without damage. Appearances changes as stretching occurs.
Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
all cells contact basement membrane which is not true for stratification. Located at the lining of nasal cavity.
Endocrine gland
Synthesizes and releases hormones into interstitial fluid with no ducts
Exocrine gland
produces secretory products onto epithelial surfaces via a duct
Epithelial tissue with ECM
little ECM
Connective tissue with ECM
cells dispersed in ECM
Cell association patterns
Epithelial and Mesenchymal
Epithelial pattern
has organized cellular structure
Mesenchymal pattern
has disorderly, loosely organized cellular structure
6 features of chordate
dorsal hollow nerve tube, notochord, pharyngeal slits, segmented body muscle, post anal tail and endostyle.
Vertebrate
Vertebral column and neural crest
Gastrulation
gives rise to ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm
Neuro ectoderm thickens and
gives rise to neural plate
1 trimester includes:
cleavage, gastrulation, and embryogenesis
Sperm contributes
paternal chromosomes only
oocyte contributes
maternal chromosomes, cytoplasm and organnelles
Zygote is
single celled
fertilization
single sperm makes contact with the oocyte
cleavage
two smaller cells are inside known as blastomeres
Morula
solid ball of cells
Epiblast
superficial
Hypoblast
deep
Ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm
ectoderm is the superficial layer, endoderm is the deep cells and mesoderm is the migrating cells
notochord is formed simultaneously with
gastrulation
classifications of connective tissue
connective, supporting, fluid
Loose connective tissue
adipose
dense connective tissue
tendons
Fibrocytes
maintenance of connective tissue fibers
Adipocytes
energy storage
collagen
long, straight but common fibers
Reticular tissue
network of interwoven fibers
Elastic
branched and wavy
Loose connective tissue:
areolar, adipose, and reticular
Areolar Tissue
underlies skin
2 types of adipose tissue
WAT-white adipose tissue metabolically active and BAT- brown adipose tissue- specialized for thermogensis
Mesenchymal cells can
divide and differentiate
Bone is
calcified but can still be broken down
Avascular
no blood vessels
Cartilage enlarges from
within
dendrites
receive info
axon
carries outgoing info
