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Bio 223 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Protein Actin and Myosin are responsible for contrition of

A

cardiocytes: cardiac muscle cells

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2
Q

Integumentary System

A

protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature and provides sensory information. (such as skin, hair, sweat glands and nails).

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3
Q

Skeletal System

A

Provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells. (such as bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow)

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4
Q

Muscular System

A

Provides movement, provides protection and support for other tissues, generates heat that maintains body temperature. (tendons and muscles)

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5
Q

Nervous system

A

Directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions. (Such as brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and sense organs)

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6
Q

Homeostasis

A

State of equilibrium. All body system working together to maintain a stable internal environment
-Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (such as body temp, concentration of ions, metabolic waste products)

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7
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Self corrective:

change is detected and response activated to reverse the change to achieve normal range.

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8
Q

Homeostasis process

A

Detection-Receptor-Control Center(proceses signals and sends instruction)-Effector (carries out instructions)

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9
Q

Positive Feedback

A 
Self amplifying (its seeking to accept the change)
Body is moved away from homeostasis, normal range is lost
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10
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

continual adaption

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11
Q

Plane

A

a three dimensional axis

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12
Q

Section

A

a splice parallel to a plane

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13
Q

Serous Membranes

A

Lines body cavities and covers organs. Consists of Parietal Layer and Visceral layer.

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14
Q

Parietal Layer

A

lines cavity

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15
Q

Visceral layer

A

covers organ

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16
Q

Gene Expression

A

different genes are turned ‘on’ or ‘off’ at different times in the development of different cell lines. Cells undergo differentiation as they take on their final function.

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17
Q

Tissues

A

A collection of specialized cells and products that functions cooperatively

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18
Q

4 main type of tissues

A

Epithelial tissue, connective, muscle, neural.

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19
Q

Epithelial tissue Overview

A

covers external surfaces, lines internal passageways, forms glands.

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20
Q

Connective tissue Overview

A

Specialized cells, solid extracellular protein fibers, fluid extracellular ground substance, supports other tissues, fills internal spaces, transports materials.

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21
Q

Matrix

A

determines specialized function of tissue.

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22
Q

Muscle tissue Overview

A

specialized for contraction:
skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

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23
Q

Neural Tissue Overview

A

carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another, detects stimuli, processes information, coordinates response

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24
Q

Characteristics of Epithelia

A

cellularity (closely bound cells with cell junctions)
Polarity ( apical and basal surfaces)
Attachment (basement membrane aka basal lamina)
Avascular (rely on diffusion for nutrient/waste exchange
Regenerative
Stem cells

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25
Q

Functions of Epithelial tissue

A

provides protection, control permeability, provide sensation, secretory (protection of chemical messengers)

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26
Q

Specializations of Epithelial

A

moves fluid over and through the epithelium

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27
Q

microvilli

A

increase surface area

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28
Q

cilia

A

move fluid

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29
Q

Basolateral def

A

Base: connection to deeper tissue
Lateral: connection to neighboring cells

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30
Q

CAMs

A

cell membrane proteins

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31
Q

Proteoglycans

A

“cement”

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32
Q

GAGs

A

hyaluronan

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33
Q

3 types of junctions

A

tight, gap and desmosomes

34
Q

tight junction

A

does not allow anything to pass

35
Q

gap

A

allows for rapid communication

36
Q

desmosomes

A

very strong,

37
Q

Spot Desmosomes

A

tie cells together (allows bending and twisting) (zipper)

38
Q

Hemi-desmosomes

A

attach cells to the basement membrane

39
Q

Germinative Cells

A

epithelial cells are constantly replaced by mitotic division aka stem cells

40
Q

Transitional epithelium:

A

Undergoes cycles of stretching and recoiling and returns to its pervious shape without damage. Appearances changes as stretching occurs.

41
Q

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

A

all cells contact basement membrane which is not true for stratification. Located at the lining of nasal cavity.

42
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Synthesizes and releases hormones into interstitial fluid with no ducts

43
Q

Exocrine gland

A

produces secretory products onto epithelial surfaces via a duct

44
Q

Epithelial tissue with ECM

A

little ECM

45
Q

Connective tissue with ECM

A

cells dispersed in ECM

46
Q

Cell association patterns

A

Epithelial and Mesenchymal

47
Q

Epithelial pattern

A

has organized cellular structure

48
Q

Mesenchymal pattern

A

has disorderly, loosely organized cellular structure

49
Q

6 features of chordate

A

dorsal hollow nerve tube, notochord, pharyngeal slits, segmented body muscle, post anal tail and endostyle.

50
Q

Vertebrate

A

Vertebral column and neural crest

51
Q

Gastrulation

A

gives rise to ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm

52
Q

Neuro ectoderm thickens and

A

gives rise to neural plate

53
Q

1 trimester includes:

A

cleavage, gastrulation, and embryogenesis

54
Q

Sperm contributes

A

paternal chromosomes only

55
Q

oocyte contributes

A

maternal chromosomes, cytoplasm and organnelles

56
Q

Zygote is

A

single celled

57
Q

fertilization

A

single sperm makes contact with the oocyte

58
Q

cleavage

A

two smaller cells are inside known as blastomeres

59
Q

Morula

A

solid ball of cells

60
Q

Epiblast

A

superficial

61
Q

Hypoblast

A

deep

62
Q

Ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm

A

ectoderm is the superficial layer, endoderm is the deep cells and mesoderm is the migrating cells

63
Q

notochord is formed simultaneously with

A

gastrulation

64
Q

classifications of connective tissue

A

connective, supporting, fluid

65
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

adipose

66
Q

dense connective tissue

A

tendons

67
Q

Fibrocytes

A

maintenance of connective tissue fibers

68
Q

Adipocytes

A

energy storage

69
Q

collagen

A

long, straight but common fibers

70
Q

Reticular tissue

A

network of interwoven fibers

71
Q

Elastic

A

branched and wavy

72
Q

Loose connective tissue:

A

areolar, adipose, and reticular

73
Q

Areolar Tissue

A

underlies skin

74
Q

2 types of adipose tissue

A

WAT-white adipose tissue metabolically active and BAT- brown adipose tissue- specialized for thermogensis

75
Q

Mesenchymal cells can

A

divide and differentiate

76
Q

Bone is

A

calcified but can still be broken down

77
Q

Avascular

A

no blood vessels

78
Q

Cartilage enlarges from

A

within

79
Q

dendrites

A

receive info

80
Q

axon

A

carries outgoing info

Bio 223 (10 decks)

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