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Bio 223 > week 4 (intro to neurons) > Flashcards

week 4 (intro to neurons) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Epicure gives rise to

A

dorsal musculature

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2
Q

Epaxial musculature

A

extensor muscles of vertebral column

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3
Q

Hyperemia gives rise to

A

ventral musculature

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4
Q

Hypaxial musculature

A

flexor muscle of anterior body wall

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5
Q

superficial group of epaxial musculature:

A

spinalis, longissimus, and Iliocostalis

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6
Q

hypaxial musculature

A

oblique muscles of body wall- compress abdomen, and rectus muscles of body wall- flex vertebral column

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7
Q

neuroglia

A

support for neurons

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8
Q

division of nervous system

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

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9
Q

PNS division

A

afferent and efferent division

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10
Q

afferent division

A

carries sensory information from PNS sensory receptors to CNS

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11
Q

Efferent division

A

carries motor commands from cns to pns muscles and glands

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12
Q

Receptors of afferent division

A

detect changes or respond to stimuli, complex sensory organs (eyes and ears)

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13
Q

effectors of afferent division

A

respond to efferent signals, cells and organs

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14
Q

somantic nervous system

A

controls voluntary and involuntary reflexes skeletal muscle contractions.

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15
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls subconscious actions, contraction of smooth muscle nd cardiac muscle and glandular secretion.

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16
Q

parasympathetic division

A

relaxing effect

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17
Q

cytoplasm of cell body

A

perikaryon

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18
Q

Nucleolus production

A

RNA

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19
Q

dendrites

A

highly branched and receive information from other neurons

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20
Q

axon

A

carries electrical signal (action potential) to target

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21
Q

Axoplasm

A

cytoplasm of axon

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22
Q

Axolemma

A

specialized cell membrane

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23
Q

Collaterals

A

branches of a single axon

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24
Q

Telodendria

A

fine extensions of distal axon

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25
Q

Axon terminals aka synaptic terminals

A

tips of telodendria. communication with other cells

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26
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

synapse between neuron and muscle

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27
Q

Neuroglandular junction

A

synapse between neuron and gland

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28
Q

endomembrane system

A

holds and stores product until release

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29
Q

Presynaptic cell

A

neuron that sends message

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30
Q

Postsynaptic cell

A

cell that receives message

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31
Q

synaptic cleft

A

small gap that separates the cell membrane of the presynaptic cell and that of the postsynaptic cell

32
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

common in CNS (includes all skeletal muscle motor neurons)

33
Q

Visceral sensory Neurons

A

monitor internal environment

34
Q

Somatic sensory neurons

A

monitor effects of external environment

35
Q

Ganglioin

A

nerve center

36
Q

Introceptors

A

monitor internal systems

37
Q

Exteroceptors

A

external senses

38
Q

Proprioceptors

A

monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints)

39
Q

Preganglionic fibers

A

CNS to ganglion

40
Q

Postganlionic fibers

A

ganglion to the effectors

41
Q

Interneurons

A

between sensory and motor neurons, responsible for distribution of sensory information and coordination of motor activity

42
Q

SAME

A 
S is for sensory
A is for afferent
M is for Motor
E is for Efferent
afferent(in) brings to and efferent(effro-out) brings out
43
Q

White matter

A

regions of CNS with many myelinated nerves

44
Q

Grey matter

A

unmyelianted areas of CNS

45
Q

PNS

A

soma in ganglia

46
Q

Schwann cells

A

wrapped around an axon forming a myelin sheath

47
Q

action potential

A

electrical impulse produced by graded potential

48
Q

Synaptic activity

A

Neurotransmitter release at presynaptic membrane

49
Q

electrical gradients

A

separate charges of positive and negative ions

50
Q

electrochemical gradients

A

can oppose or reinforce chemical gradient

51
Q

Assoicate Negative with

A

iNside

52
Q

Associate pOsitive with

A

Outside

53
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

-70mV

54
Q

chemically gated channels

A

open or close when bind specific chemicals at a binding site

55
Q

Voltage gated channels

A

respond to changes in membrane potential

56
Q

excitable membrane

A

a membrane that can generate and propagate an action potential

57
Q

Mechanically gated channels

A

respond to physical distortion of membrane , important in sensory receptors

58
Q

Graded Potential

A

any stimulus that can open a gated channel

59
Q

depolarization occurs when

A

membrane potential moving from -70m

v toward a less negative value.

60
Q

The stronger the stimulus the greater the

A

change in the membrane potential and the larger the area affected.

61
Q

Repolarization

A

when stimulus is removed, membrane potential returns to normal

62
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

increasing the negativity of the resting potential resulting of opening of a potassium channel. Positive ions move out cell.

63
Q

Action potential

A

a graded depolarization large enough to change resting membrane potential to threshold level of voltage gated sodium channels

64
Q

All-or-none principle

A

Once it reaches threshold it will happen

65
Q

Four steps in generation of action potential

A
  1. depolarization to threshold
  2. Activation of Na+ channels
  3. Inactivation of Na+ channels and activation of K+ channels
  4. Return to normal permeability
66
Q

Refractory Period

A

From beginning of action potential to return to resting site

67
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

sodium channels open or inactivated. No action potential possible

68
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

Membrane potential almost normal, very large stimulus can initiate action potential

69
Q

Propagation

A

action potentials generate in axon hillock and moves along entire length of axon

70
Q

Two methods of propagating action potentials

A

Continuous propagation and Saltatory Propagation

71
Q

Continuous Propagation

A

unmyelinated axons

1 segment of axon at a time

72
Q

Saltatory progation

A

myelinated axons
faster and uses less energy.
current jumps from node t node

73
Q

Type A fibers

A

myelinated, large diameter, high speeds.

140 m/sec

74
Q

Type B fibers

A

Myelinated, medium diameter, medium speed

18 m/sec

75
Q

Type C Fibers

A

unmyelinated, small diameter, slow speed.

1 m/sec

76
Q

Electrical synapses

A

direct physical contact between cells, locked together at gap junction.

77
Q

Chemical synapses

A

signal transmitted across a gap by chemical neurotransmitters

Bio 223 (10 decks)

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