week 2/3 Bones Flashcards
5 primary functions of the skeletal system
support, storage of minerals, blood cell production, protection, and leverage
Sutural bones
are small, flat, oddly, shaped bones of the skull, they range in size from a grain of sand to a quarter. Their borders are like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
irregular bones
complex shapes with short, flat, notched or ridged surfaces; ex: The vertebrae that form the spinal column, bones of the pelvis.
short bones
boxlike in appearance. ex: carpals in the wrists.
flat bones
thin, parallel surfaces; form at the roof of the skull, the sternum and shoulder blades. They provide protection for underlying soft tissues and offer an extensive surface area for the attachment of skeletal muscle.
long bones
are relatively long and slender. They are located in the arms and things and legs, fingers and toes.
Sesamoid bones
usually small, round and flat; they develop inside tendons and are most often encountered near joints at the knee, the hands and feet (sesamoid patella).
cortical bone
compact bone, dense, solid
cancellous bone
spongy bone,
diaphysis of long bone
body of it
epiphysis of long bone
ends of the bone, located on both ends of it
metaphysics of long bone
connects diaphysis to epiphysis
medullary cavity of long bone
connects diaphysis to epiphysis
flat bone looks like
a spongy bone sandwich
diploe
the layer of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone
bone is an
organ
osseous tissue
dense, supportive connectibe tissue; contains specialized cells which produce collagen fibers and extracellular matrix which surrounds the fibers and becomes stiffened with minerals.
NCPs
role in regulating binding of collagen/mineral
Collagen
most abundant protein.
Bone mineralizes
collagen
Mineral
strength and resistance of bone
Osteoblasts
bone formation
osteocytes
bone maintenance
osteoclast
bone resorption
canaliculi
cell to cell communication/response single. Network connecting all cells of osteoblast lineage
early bone
bony exoskeleton
later bone
bony endoskeleton
Perichondrium
convers outer surfaces of cartilage
periosteum
covers outer surfaces of bones
Hydroxyapatite
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
T/F Osteocytes cells undergo cell division
F. they do not divide
Osteoid
ECM produced by osteoblast, but has not yet become calcified to form bone.
Mesenchymal stem cells that divide produce
osteoblasts
Homeostasis in bone
bone formation and resorption must balance.
Osteons
basic unit of osseous tissue (looks like a circle with circles within)
Perforating canals (volkmann’s canals)
carry blood vessels into bone and marrow
Circumferential lamellae
wrapped around the long bone
interstitial lamellae
between osteons
Trabeculae
have no blood vessels
red Bone marrow
has extensive blood vessels and forms red blood cells also supplies nutrients to osteocytes
yellow bone marrow
stores fat (energy, utilizes in starvation)
Tension
pulling
Compression
pushing
Collagen fibers give bone
flexibility
Modeling
occurs during development and growth
Remolding
occurs before and after growth is complete
decrease in thickness, but not too thin bone is
strong
is bone vascular? is cartilage?
bone is vascular, cartilage is kinda avascular
Grown in length of long bones
due to growth of cartilage the epiphyseal plate of bone; growth ceases at maturity as activity of chondroblasts decreases and ossification closes the epiphyseal plate.
Appositional growth
compact bone thickens and strengthens long bone with layers of circumferential lamellae which are deposited on the eternal surfaces of bone (under the periosteum)
Endosteum
surrounds medullary canal
osteogensis
process of bone formation via ossification
calcification
process of accumulation of calcium and deposition of calcium salts
two types of ossification and what do they use
endochondral ossification uses cartilage. Intramembranous ossification uses direct meschymal cells
Appositional growth
compact bone thickens and strengthens long bone with layers of circumferential lamellae which are deposited on the external surfaces of bone
Parathyroid hormone
increases calcium level