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Bio 223 > week 2/3 Bones > Flashcards

week 2/3 Bones Flashcards

1
Q

5 primary functions of the skeletal system

A

support, storage of minerals, blood cell production, protection, and leverage

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2
Q

Sutural bones

A

are small, flat, oddly, shaped bones of the skull, they range in size from a grain of sand to a quarter. Their borders are like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.

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3
Q

irregular bones

A

complex shapes with short, flat, notched or ridged surfaces; ex: The vertebrae that form the spinal column, bones of the pelvis.

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4
Q

short bones

A

boxlike in appearance. ex: carpals in the wrists.

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5
Q

flat bones

A

thin, parallel surfaces; form at the roof of the skull, the sternum and shoulder blades. They provide protection for underlying soft tissues and offer an extensive surface area for the attachment of skeletal muscle.

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6
Q

long bones

A

are relatively long and slender. They are located in the arms and things and legs, fingers and toes.

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7
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

usually small, round and flat; they develop inside tendons and are most often encountered near joints at the knee, the hands and feet (sesamoid patella).

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8
Q

cortical bone

A

compact bone, dense, solid

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9
Q

cancellous bone

A

spongy bone,

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10
Q

diaphysis of long bone

A

body of it

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11
Q

epiphysis of long bone

A

ends of the bone, located on both ends of it

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12
Q

metaphysics of long bone

A

connects diaphysis to epiphysis

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13
Q

medullary cavity of long bone

A

connects diaphysis to epiphysis

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14
Q

flat bone looks like

A

a spongy bone sandwich

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15
Q

diploe

A

the layer of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone

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16
Q

bone is an

A

organ

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17
Q

osseous tissue

A

dense, supportive connectibe tissue; contains specialized cells which produce collagen fibers and extracellular matrix which surrounds the fibers and becomes stiffened with minerals.

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18
Q

NCPs

A

role in regulating binding of collagen/mineral

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19
Q

Collagen

A

most abundant protein.

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20
Q

Bone mineralizes

A

collagen

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21
Q

Mineral

A

strength and resistance of bone

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22
Q

Osteoblasts

A

bone formation

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23
Q

osteocytes

A

bone maintenance

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24
Q

osteoclast

A

bone resorption

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25
Q

canaliculi

A

cell to cell communication/response single. Network connecting all cells of osteoblast lineage

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26
Q

early bone

A

bony exoskeleton

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27
Q

later bone

A

bony endoskeleton

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28
Q

Perichondrium

A

convers outer surfaces of cartilage

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29
Q

periosteum

A

covers outer surfaces of bones

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30
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

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31
Q

T/F Osteocytes cells undergo cell division

A

F. they do not divide

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32
Q

Osteoid

A

ECM produced by osteoblast, but has not yet become calcified to form bone.

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33
Q

Mesenchymal stem cells that divide produce

A

osteoblasts

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34
Q

Homeostasis in bone

A

bone formation and resorption must balance.

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35
Q

Osteons

A

basic unit of osseous tissue (looks like a circle with circles within)

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36
Q

Perforating canals (volkmann’s canals)

A

carry blood vessels into bone and marrow

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37
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

wrapped around the long bone

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38
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

between osteons

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39
Q

Trabeculae

A

have no blood vessels

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40
Q

red Bone marrow

A

has extensive blood vessels and forms red blood cells also supplies nutrients to osteocytes

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41
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

stores fat (energy, utilizes in starvation)

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42
Q

Tension

A

pulling

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43
Q

Compression

A

pushing

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44
Q

Collagen fibers give bone

A

flexibility

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45
Q

Modeling

A

occurs during development and growth

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46
Q

Remolding

A

occurs before and after growth is complete

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47
Q

decrease in thickness, but not too thin bone is

A

strong

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48
Q

is bone vascular? is cartilage?

A

bone is vascular, cartilage is kinda avascular

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49
Q

Grown in length of long bones

A

due to growth of cartilage the epiphyseal plate of bone; growth ceases at maturity as activity of chondroblasts decreases and ossification closes the epiphyseal plate.

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50
Q

Appositional growth

A

compact bone thickens and strengthens long bone with layers of circumferential lamellae which are deposited on the eternal surfaces of bone (under the periosteum)

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51
Q

Endosteum

A

surrounds medullary canal

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52
Q

osteogensis

A

process of bone formation via ossification

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53
Q

calcification

A

process of accumulation of calcium and deposition of calcium salts

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54
Q

two types of ossification and what do they use

A

endochondral ossification uses cartilage. Intramembranous ossification uses direct meschymal cells

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55
Q

Appositional growth

A

compact bone thickens and strengthens long bone with layers of circumferential lamellae which are deposited on the external surfaces of bone

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56
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

increases calcium level

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57
Q

Calcitonin

A

decreases calcium level

58
Q

Fractures are repaired in four steps:

A

bleeding, cells of the endosteum and periosteum, osteoblast activity, and osteoblasts and osteocytes remodel the fracture for up to a year

59
Q

External callus

A

cartilage and bone surrounds break

60
Q

internal callus

A

develops in medullary cavity

61
Q

articulation

A

body movement occurs at joints aka where two bones connect

62
Q

synarthrosis

A

immovable joint

63
Q

Ampiarthrosis

A

slightly movable joint

64
Q

Diarthrosis

A

freely movable join

65
Q

Synchondrosis

A

is a rigid cartilaginous bridge between two bones

66
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

remnant of notochord

67
Q

Axis skeleton

A

forms the longitundinal axis of the body: the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

68
Q

Vertebral column

A

24 vertebrae+ sacrum + coccyx

69
Q

Thoracic cage

A

sternum + 24 ribs (12 pair)

70
Q

Axial Skeleton function

A

support and protection

71
Q

Occipital bone articulates with

A

the vertebral column via the atlas

72
Q

Occipital condyles articulate with the first

A

cervical vertebra (the atlas) of the neck

73
Q

Inferior and superior nuchal lines:

A

attachment sites for muscles and ligaments that stabilize the articulation between the occipital bone and the atlas

74
Q

How many bones does the vertebral column have

A

26: 24 vertebrae, sacrum and the coccyx

75
Q

Spine regions plus how many vertebrae does each have

A

cervical: 7 vertebrae, thoracic 12 vertebrae, lumbar 5 vertebrae, then sacral and coccyx

76
Q

T or F each vertebrae articulates with one or more pair of ribs

A

T for thoracic region

77
Q

Atlas C1

A

supports the weight of head for nodding movement of skull and articulates with C2

78
Q

Axis C2

A

supports the atlas, and attaches muscles of the head and neck.

79
Q

C7

A

marks transition to thoracic vertebrae includes ligament nuchae (elastic ligament) extends from c7 to skull

80
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

largest section. Articulates with heads of ribs at costal facets

81
Q

t1-t8

A

articulates with two pairs of ribs at superior and inferior costal facets

82
Q

t9-t11

A

articulate with one pair of ribs

83
Q

t10-t12

A

transition to lumbar vertebrae

84
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

thickest vertebras. no costal or transverse costal facets.

85
Q

cervical vertebrae has a ____ look

86
Q

thoracic vertebrae has a ______ look

87
Q

Sacrum articulation with

A

L5, pelvic girdle, and axial skeleton to appendicular skeleton

88
Q

coccyx

A

attaches ligaments and muscle

89
Q

Rib cage vs thoracic cage

A

thoracic cage is the skeleton of the chest and rib cage is only ribs and sternum

90
Q

true rbis

A

1-7. direct connection to sternum by costal cartilages

91
Q

false ribs

A

8-12. Do not attach directly to sternum. But 8-10 are indirect connection to sternum because they merge with rib 7.

92
Q

Ribs 11-12

A

floating ribs bc no connection to sternum

93
Q

sternum 3 parts:

A

manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

94
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral girdles, upper limbs, lower limbs and pelvic girdle. Allows movement

95
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

clavicle and scaulae. Connects to upper limbs.

96
Q

Bony connection axial skelton to appendicular skeleton occurs at the

97
Q

Clavicles

A

originates at the manubrium and articulates with the scapulae

98
Q

Manubrium

A

articulates just lateral to jugular notch

99
Q

Scaulae (paired)(shoulder blades)

A

articulates with acromion of scapula, clavicle and humerus at gleaned cavity

100
Q

Coal bone 3 bone fusion

A

llium, ischium, and pubis

101
Q

llium articulates with

102
Q

coxal bones articulate with

A

sacrum and femur (at the lunate surface of the acetabulum)

103
Q

Pelvis consists of

A

two coal bones, scrum, and coccyx

104
Q

Lower limbs:

A

femur, patella, tibia and fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges

105
Q

3 planes of movement

A

monoaxial (single plane), biaxial (motion in two planes), triaxial (ball and socket joints)

106
Q

Articular cartilages

A

during bone development of a long bone, a thin rim of cartilage from the original model remains

107
Q

Synovial fluid functions

A

lubrication, nutrient distribution and shock absorption.

108
Q

Shoulder muscles and associated tendons

109
Q

arm bone

110
Q

forearm

A

radius and ulna

111
Q

Trochlea surface

A

medial surface of condyle, articulates with ulna.

112
Q

capitulum surface

A

lateral surface of condyle, articulates with radius.

113
Q

Trochlear notch

A

articulates with trochlea of humerus

114
Q

interosseous membrane

A

tough band of connective tissue

115
Q

styloid process attaches to

A

articular disc between forearm and wrist

116
Q

ulnar notch articulates with

A

ulna and with bones of wrist

117
Q

the 4 proximal carpal bones

A

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

118
Q

the 4 distal carpal bones

A

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate(largest), hamate(has a hook)

119
Q

Metacarpal bones

A

five long bones of the hand, articulates with proximal phalanges

120
Q

phalanges

A

14 total bones. Proximal, middle and distal

121
Q

tarsals of lower limbs

122
Q

metatarsals of lower limbs

123
Q

phalanges of lower limbs

124
Q

femoral head articulates with

A

pelvis at acetabulum at forvea capitis

125
Q

Patella articulates

A

with facets with medial and lateral condyles of the femur

126
Q

Proximal epiphysis articulates with

A

medial and lateral condyles of femur

127
Q

T/F the fibula does not articulate with femur

128
Q

Transverse arch

A

formed by a difference in curvature between medial and lateral border of foot

129
Q

gliding joint

A

flexion and rotation; limited movement

130
Q

elbow joint is composed of:

A

humerus, radius and ulna

131
Q

Articulations of knee joint

A

with tibia at medial and lateral condyles of each bone AND patellar surface of femur

132
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

inflammatory condition

133
Q

The articular processes of vertebrae form gliding joints with those of

A

adjacent vertebrae

134
Q

the bodies form symphyseal joints that are separated and cushioned by

A

intervertebral discs

135
Q

Intervertebral discs contain

A

anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

136
Q

______ cover the superior and inferior surfaces of the disc

A

vertebral end plates

137
Q

hinge joints

A

monaxial joints that permit only angular movement in one plane

138
Q

Pivot joint

A

monaxial joints that permit only rotation

139
Q

condylar joint

A

are biaxial joints with an oval articular face that nestles within a depression of opposing articular surface

140
Q

saddle joints

A

biaxial joints with articular faces that are concave on one axis and convex on the other

Bio 223 (10 decks)

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