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Bio 223 > Lecture 14-15 > Flashcards

Lecture 14-15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Skelton outer is considered

A

somatic; and associated w/ somatopleure

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2
Q

Skelton inner is considered

A

visceral; and associated w/ splanchnopleure

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3
Q

Mesenchyme

A

embryonic connective tissue

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4
Q

Chondrocranium (1st division)

A

base of skull; cradles brain. (endochondral formation)

mesoderm

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5
Q

caudal to notochord:

A

post-chordal cartilages are derived from Paraxial Mesoderm

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6
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

using a cartilage model

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7
Q

Intramembranous

A

does not need a cartilage model

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8
Q

Dermatocranium

A

membranous, flat bones, intramembranous ossification
Flat bones of roof (dermal bone)
(Germ Layer: neural crest)

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9
Q

Splanchocranium

A

aka visceraocranium, contribute to facial bones: maxillae, mandible, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, zygomatic
derived from visceral arches (endochondral formation)
(germ layer: neural crest)

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10
Q

Visceral Skeleton

A

support from pharyngeal arches

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11
Q

How many somitomeres

A

7

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12
Q

Neuroectoderm gives rise to

A

vertebrate structures

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13
Q

Occipital somites contribute to

A

head: bone and muscle

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14
Q

Mandibular Arch gives rise to

A

mandible

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15
Q

Where are somitomeres located and where are somites located

A

somitomeres: head region; somites: trunk

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16
Q

Any visceral arises from

A

neural crest

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17
Q

Mandibular Arch

A

branchial arch I

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18
Q

Hyoid Arch

A

Branchial Arch II

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19
Q

Branchial Cartilages develop in

A

Pharynx and gives rise to splanchnocranium

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20
Q

manidbular arch contributed to development of

A

manidble, incus and malleus

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21
Q

Hyoid arch contributed to development of

A

hyoid, styloid process and laryngeal cartilages

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22
Q

Bones of the cranial roof appear as

A

intramembranous ossification which occurs in dermis

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23
Q

Facial bones protect and support the entrances to the

A

digestive and respiratory tracts

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24
Q

cranial bones______

A

surround and protect the brain

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25
Q

Ethnoid bone is the pathway for ____

A

olfactory nerve

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26
Q

styloid process is derived from

A

visceral skeleton

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27
Q

Sphenoid bone is the pathway for_____

A

optic canal, foramen rotundum, foramen lacerum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum

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28
Q

Temporal bone is the pathway for____

A

carotid canal and internal acoustic meatus

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29
Q

Occipital bone is the pathway for_____

A

foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal and jugular foramen

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30
Q

Dermal bones

A

Maxillae, zygomatic bones, lacrimal bones

all intramembranous ossification, neural crest cell origin

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31
Q

Zygomatic arch is made up of

A

zygomatic process of temporal bone and zygomatic process of zygomatic bone

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32
Q

auditory ossicles are considered

A

splanchnocranium

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33
Q

nasal bones make up

A

nasal complex

NOT orbital

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34
Q

Pituitary Gland Anterior lobe

A

synthesizes hormones which are released under the direction of the hypothalamus

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35
Q

Pituitary Gland Posterior lobe

A

releases hormones which are synthesized by the hypothalamus

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36
Q

Branchial Skeleton

A

origin in early photo-vertebrates, supports pharynx,, series of skeletal elements= ‘arches’
function: respiration , filter feeding

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37
Q

mandible forms a ____ articulation with cranial skeleton

A

movable

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38
Q

columella

A

transmission of sound from jaw to ear

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39
Q

3 middle ear bones

A

malleus, incus, and stapes

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40
Q

Mandibular arch

A

Branchial Arch I

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41
Q

Hyoid Arch

A

Branchial Arch II

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42
Q

Mandibular arch gives rise to which middle ear bones

A

malleus and incus

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43
Q

Hyoid Arch gives rise to which middle ear bone

A

stapes

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44
Q

Placodes

A

special sense organs (nose, eye and ear)

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45
Q

Neurogenic

A

capable of forming neurons

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46
Q

Olfactory Placode

A

develop into sensory neurons; the axons form bundles that ever the olfactory foramina of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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47
Q

Optic Placode

A

Future lens of the eye

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48
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

balance and equilibrium

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49
Q

myotomes of the pre otic somites form the muscles that

A

move the eyeballs

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50
Q

the sclerotomes of the post otic somites form the

A

floor of the brain case

and their myotomes develop into muscle of the tongue

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51
Q

ventricles is lined with and filled with

A

ependymal cells; cerebrospinal fluid

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52
Q

dural sinuses

A

large collecting veins within folds of dura mater

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53
Q

falx cerebri

A

contains superior and inferior sagittal sinuses

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54
Q

falx cerebri attaches to

A

crista galli (ethnoid bone)

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55
Q

cerebrospinal fluid function:

A

cushion and suspend brain

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56
Q

choroid plexus importance:

A

blood brain barrier

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57
Q

medulla oblongata

A

communication between spinal cord and brain; controls visceral and autonomic functions

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58
Q

Tracts

A

groups of axons

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59
Q

Pons

A

respiratory center

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60
Q

cerebellum

A

posture and automatic processing

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61
Q

white matter ____ info

A

transmits

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62
Q

grey matter ____ info

A

receives

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63
Q

Thalamus

A

sensory info

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64
Q

Hypothalamus

A

emotion

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65
Q

diencephalon connects the brain stem to

A

cerebral hemispheres

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66
Q

cerebrum

A

processing sensory and motor info, speech and thought

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67
Q

75% of the sympathetic is due because of the _____ nerve

A

vagus

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68
Q

Dorsal roots of cranial nerves are

A

sensory

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69
Q

Ventral roots of cranial nerves are

A

motor

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70
Q

Retina’s 2 receptors

A

rods and cones

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71
Q

Rods

A

night vision

72
Q

cones

A

bright lights and colors

73
Q

pupil

A

allows light to enter eye

74
Q

movement of cue is controlled by

A

extrinsic muscles and 4 cranial nerves

75
Q

3 tunic layers of the eye

A

fibrous, vascular, and neural

76
Q

fibrous tunic layer

A

external layer: sclera and cornea (allows light to enter)

77
Q

Vascular Tunic layer

A

middle layer; colliery body, iris (adjusts shape of lens, pigmented portion)

78
Q

Neural Tunic Layer

A

Inner layer (retina)

79
Q

Retina

A

contains photoreceptors (rods and cones)

80
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

ear drum

81
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

malleus, incus, stapes

82
Q

3 components of inner ear

A

vestibule, cochlea, and three semicircular canals

83
Q

lacrimal gland

A

tear ducts

84
Q

refracted

A

bent

85
Q

how many types of cones

A

3: blue, green, red

86
Q

tympanic cavity is filled with

A

air

87
Q

hair cells in semicircular ducts

A

receptors

88
Q

spiral organ on basilar membrane contains rows of

A

hair cells with sterocilia

89
Q

hearing

A

perception of sound

90
Q

frequencies is measured in

A

hertz, number of waves

91
Q

amplitude is measured in

A

decibels, height of waves

92
Q

intensity is

A

amount of energy in a wave

93
Q

gustation

A

receptors in taste buds

94
Q

vertebrate eye aka the

A

camera eye (lens focuses light on retina)

95
Q

Buccal phase

A

tongue pushes food toward pharynx

96
Q

Pharyngeal phase

A

epiglottis closed

97
Q

esophageal phase

A

forces food down throat

98
Q

larynx

A

voicebox

99
Q

cell association patterns

A

epithelial and mesenchymal

100
Q

Epithelial

A

organized cellular structure

derived from ectoderm and endoderm.

101
Q

Mesenchymal

A

disorderly, loosely organized cellular structure.

derived from mesoderm, so cells are able to move easier

102
Q

Chordate 6 features

A

DHNT, notochord, pharyngeal slits, segmented body muscle, post anal tail and endostyle

103
Q

Vertebrae features

A

chordates + neural crest and vertebral column

104
Q

gastrulation

A

gives rise to 3 primary layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

105
Q

Neurulation

A

gives rise to dorsal hallow (neural folds) nerve tube occurs same time with notochord

106
Q

Neural Crest

A

4th germ layer, came from neural form

107
Q

Serous Membrane:

A

Parietal and visceral

108
Q

Parietal Layer

A

covers lining of cavities

109
Q

Visceral layer

A

covers lining of organs

110
Q

Journey of Keratinocyte

A

keratinocyte are the body’s most abundant epithelial cells. It takes about a week for a cell to move from basal to skin. From stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, then stratum corneum

111
Q

Tight junctions

A

prevents passage of water and solutes

112
Q

Gap Junction

A

allows for rapid communication, held together by channel proteins

113
Q

Desmosomes

A

very strong, ties cells together

114
Q

Endochondral Ossification uses a

A

pres existing cartilage membrane to ossify bone. (occurs in its outer surface)

115
Q

Intramembranous ossification uses

A

direct mysenchymal cells to ossify bone. (occurs inside the cell for future bone)

116
Q

Osteoblast

A

create new bone cells

117
Q

Osteoclast

A

destroys bone cells

118
Q

osteocytes

A

take care of bone cells

119
Q

Which bones make up the pectoral girdle

A

clavicle and scapula

120
Q

How the pectoral girdle articulate

A

it does not have a direct bony connection to the vertebral column, this set up gives us a range of motion because it is supported by muscular attachments that allows us to move since it does involve most of our upper body bones.

121
Q

Which bones make up the pelvic girdle

A

illium, ischum and pubis.

122
Q

How does pelvic girdle articulate

A

acetabulum of the femur

123
Q

Stylopod

A

humerus, femur

124
Q

Zeugopod

A

radius, ulna, tibia, fibula

125
Q

Autopod

A

carpals and tarsals

126
Q

re segmentation

A

successful formation of vertebral disks, 1/2 is composed of somites and 1/2 of neighboring somites which makes vertebral column able to move

127
Q

membrane potential

A

chemical gradients and the electrical gradients favor entry of Na+ into cell
Na+ are attracted to the negative charges inside of cell

128
Q

graded potential

A

a change in membrane potential that tends to dissipate

129
Q

action potential

A

a change that is propagated

130
Q

Na+/K+ pump

A

3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in

Balances passive forces of diffusion and controls cell permeability

131
Q

Ion required for depolarization

A

Na+

132
Q

Na+ is associated with

A

voltage gated

133
Q

Ion required to release Ach

A

Ca++

134
Q

Ca++ is associated with

A

voltage gated channel

135
Q

Depolarization

A

resting membrane potential towards a more positive value

136
Q

K+

A

chemically gated

137
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

contains cell bodies of sensory neurons relaying information to PNS

138
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

voluntary (skeletal muscles)

139
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary (internal organs and glands)

140
Q

Sympathetic of ANS

A

fight or flight

141
Q

Parasympathetic of ANS

A

rest and digest

142
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglia contains

A

motor neurons

143
Q

Ventral Root Ganglia contains

A

Sensory neurons

144
Q

Gray Matter

A

surrounds central canal

145
Q

white matter

A

superficial

146
Q

sacromere

A

arrangement of thin filaments where actin and myosin are present

147
Q

Myofilaments

A

Myosin and actin

148
Q

Thin filaments

A

Actin

149
Q

Thick filaments

A

Myosin

150
Q

ATP required for ____ detachment

A

Cross bridge

151
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle fiber

152
Q

Sacroplasmic Reticulum

A

calcium releases (by triad) neurotransmitters and triggers muscle contractions

153
Q

muscles of rotator cuff

A

supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus and teres minor

154
Q

trapezius muscle

A

orginally had a visceral function,now it has somatic function

155
Q

major nerves of brachial plexus

A

radial and ulnar

156
Q

cross bridge activates

A

myosin

157
Q

lumbosacral plexus

A

obturator

158
Q

Expaxial

A

extend

159
Q

hypaxial

A

flex

160
Q

somite 3 regions

A

myotome, dermatome and sclerotome

161
Q

sclerotome gives rise to

A

axial skeleton

162
Q

ventral? rami forms

A

plexus

163
Q

somatopleure

A

somatic, parietal serosa

164
Q

splanchopleure

A

visceral, viscersal serosa

165
Q

folia

A

cortex of cerebellum

166
Q

corpus collosum

A

connects hemispheres

167
Q

meninges

A

dura mater, pia mater, arcnoid

168
Q

girus

A

ridges in brain

169
Q

teres major

A

subscapular nerve

170
Q

teres minor

A

axillary nerve

171
Q

knee flexors

A

siatic

172
Q

stereocilia

A

present on apical surface of hair cells, some hair cells also have one kinocilium.
stereocilia contacts the tectorial membrane causing a distortion leading to AP

173
Q

deglutition

A

food being chewed up

174
Q

dorsal scapular nerve

A

levator

175
Q

accessory nerve

A

trapezius

Bio 223 (10 decks)

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