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Bio 223 > week 5 spinal cord > Flashcards

week 5 spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

pre synapitc cell

A

neuron

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2
Q

Ca+ influx triggers release of

A

neurotransmitter

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3
Q

What triggers the opening of the Ca+ channels?

A

Action Potential

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4
Q

How did ACh end up in the vesicles? And where is it released?

A

manufactured in the cell body and out through axon terminal. Axon cleft by exocytosis

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5
Q

What happens when ACh binds to its receptor?

A

Sodium inside the post synaptic cell

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6
Q

What is the function of the Na+/K+ pump?

A

requires ATP because its pushing Na+ through its against concentration gradient.

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7
Q

What is an Action Potential?

A

Reflecting a change of voltage across the cell membrane. If that voltage is high enough to reach the threshold (-60) will trigger action potential. It will open gates allowing sodium to enter. Action Potential can only go through 1 direction.

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8
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

molecules

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9
Q

How does this differ from a hormone

A

Cell makes it, hormones are released across blood. Nervous system much more rapid

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10
Q

What is a synapse

A

cell communication, between pre synaptic cell and post synaptic

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11
Q

What is a cholingergic synapse?

A

Acetocolin is the only one being released.

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12
Q

T/F All NMJs are Cholinergic Synapse

A

True

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13
Q

T/F All neuron to neuron synapses in the CNS and PNS are also Cholinergic

A

False. Most important in PNS.

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14
Q

Which enzyme breaks down ACh?

A

ACh E

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15
Q

What happens to the breakdown products of ACh E

A

Part of it goes back into axon terminal to be recycled

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16
Q

Events at the Cholingeric Synapse

A

Voltage gated calcium opens, AP arrives at the Axon Terminal, calcium will tell vesicles to release endocytosis. Ca+ enters, ACh released diffused across synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitter binds target, sodium channels open in post synaptic membrane. ACh E enzyme break down

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17
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A

released at Adrenergic Synapse in Brain, ANS

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18
Q

Dopamine

A

In CNS, excitatory, or inhibitory (hyperpolarize)

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19
Q

Serotonin

A

In CNS, sleep/wake and mood

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20
Q

Gamma Aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

in CNS, inhibitory

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21
Q

Neuromodulators

A

alter rate of NT release of pre synaptic neuron OR alter response to NT post synaptic (does not have to be neuron)

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22
Q

Opioids

A

pain relief, euphoria:

  1. Endorphins
  2. Enkephalins
  3. Endomorphins
  4. Dynorphins
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23
Q

g protein

A

enzyme complex, binds GTP (highly energy)

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24
Q

Net effect (at Axon Hillock)

A

integrates and determines response for information processign

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25
Q

Graded potential that develop in a postsynaptic cell

A

in response to neurotransmitters

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26
Q

Two types of Postsynaptic potentials

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential and inhibitory postsynaptic potential

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27
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic potential EPSP

A

graded depolarization of postsynaptic membrane

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28
Q

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Pontential IPSP

A

graded hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane

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29
Q

Temporal summation

A

stimuli arrive at a single synapse in rapid succession (multiple times)

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30
Q

Spatial summation

A

stimuli arrive at multiple synapses simultaneously (multiple locations)

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31
Q

Longer time above threshold =

A

more APs generated

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32
Q

refractory period

A

time neuron is resting

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33
Q

epaxial muscles: erector spinae (dorsal) & list muscles included

A

extension: illiocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

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34
Q

Hypaxial muscles: rectus and obliques. & list muscles included

A

flex: external and internal oblique muscles, transverses abdominis, rectus abdominis.

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35
Q

Synergist

A

works to assist another muscle, carrying out same action

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36
Q

Antagonist

A

works to oppose another muscle, usually located on opposite side of a structure

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37
Q

End of spinal cord

A

conus medullaris

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38
Q

Last nerve of the spinal cord

A

cauda equina

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39
Q

portion of menages that are protecting spinal cord

A

filum Terminale

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40
Q

Ventral root

A

contains axons and motor neurons

To: somatic and visceral effectors

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41
Q

Dorsal Root

A

contains axons of sensory neurons

To: the spinal cord

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42
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

contain cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons

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43
Q

Intervertebral formina

A

where dorsal and ventral roots exit spinal cord

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44
Q

afferent fibers

A

towards spinal cord

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45
Q

efferent fibers

A

going away spinal cord

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46
Q

Spinal Meninges: 3 maters

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.

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47
Q

Dura Mater

A

tough outer layer

48
Q

arachnoid mater

49
Q

pia mater

A

inner layer

50
Q

epidural space

A

between dura mater and vertebral canal

51
Q

subdural space

A

potential space, between dura and arachnoid mater

52
Q

subarachnoid space

A

between arachnoid and pia mater

vascular

53
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid, protective cushion

54
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A

each side of spinal extends from pia to dura mater

55
Q

gray matter

A

surround central canal, neuronal cell bodies, neuroglia and unmyelinated axons.
Gray Horns

56
Q

white matter

A

superficial, myelinated and unmyelinated axons.

57
Q

Posterior gray horns

A

sensory nuclei, somatic and visceral

58
Q

Anterior Gray horns

A

motor nuclei, somatic

59
Q

gray commissures

A

axons cross from one side of spinal cord to other

60
Q

nuclei

A

masses of gray matter in CNS

61
Q

Sensory Nuclei

A

posterior (dorsal)

receive and relay info from peripheral receptors

62
Q

Motor Nuclei

A

Anterior (ventral)

Send Motor commands to peripheral effectors

63
Q

Sensory info ascends tract to

64
Q

motor info descends tracts to

A

spinal cord

65
Q

3 connective tissue layers of spinal nerves

A

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium.

66
Q

Epineurium spinal nerve

A

outer layer

dense network of collagen fibers

67
Q

Perineurium

A

middle layer

divides nerve into fascicles (axon bundles)

68
Q

endoneurium

A

inner layer

surrounds individual axons

69
Q

Dorsal ramus

A

motor nerves:

contains both somatic and visceral fibers so info from skin and skeletal muscles.

70
Q

ventral ramus

A

larger branch, info from structures and limbs

71
Q

white ramus

A

myelianted nerves, carries visceral motor fibers to sympathetic ganglion

72
Q

gray ramus

A

unmyelianted nerves, return from sympathetic ganglion

73
Q

each pair of spinal nerves supplies its own

74
Q

plexus

A

interwoven network of nerves

75
Q

dorsal division muscles are

76
Q

ventral division muscles are

77
Q

how many segments in upper and lower limbs

78
Q

4 major plexuses

A

cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral

79
Q

phrenic nerve

A

controls diaphragm

80
Q

cervical plexuses controls

A

face structures, neck

81
Q

brachial plexuses controls

A

upper limbs

82
Q

lumbar plexuses controls

A

lower limbs

83
Q

of neurons ranging from most to least

A

interneurons, sensory, motor

84
Q

patterns of neural circuits: divergence

A

stimulation to many neurons or neural pools

85
Q

patterns of neural circuits: convergence

A

input from many sources to a single neuron

86
Q

patterns of neural circuits: serial processing

A

moves information in single line

87
Q

patterns of neural circuits: parallel processing

A

same information along several paths simultaneously

88
Q

polysynaptic withdrawal relex

A

touching a hot stove and letting go before knowing its hot because hot AF

89
Q

SNS of PNS

A

direct control of skeletal muscle

90
Q

ANS of PNS

A

operates without conscious

91
Q

preganglionic neurons are

A

visceral motor neurons in CNS

extends to ganglia in PNS

92
Q

postganglionic neurons are

A

visceral motor neurons in PNS,

extends to target to target

93
Q

division of the ANS

A

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

94
Q

Sympathetic division

A

fight or flight

increased alertness, heart and respiratory rate and blood pressure

95
Q

parasympathetic division

A

rest and digest

decreased metabolism, heart and respiratory rate

96
Q

sympathetic chain ganglia

A

controls effectors in body wall, thoracic cavity, head and limbs

97
Q

collateral ganglia

A

tissues and organs in abdominopelvic cavity

98
Q

neurotransmitters are released at

99
Q

adrenal medulla

A

releases NT into blood

100
Q

postganglionic sympathetic fibers

A

unmyelinated axons

101
Q

Spinal nerves provide

A

somatic motor innervation and distribution of sympathetic postganglionic fibers

102
Q

sympathetic activation

A

alter activity of tissue/organs, release of NE (synaptic) and E (hormonal)

103
Q

most sympathetic postganglionic fibers are adrenergic but few are

A

cholinergic

104
Q

parasympathetic division

A

preganglionic neurons in brain stem and sacral segments of spinal cord

105
Q

ganglionic neurons: terminal

A

near organ; often paired

106
Q

ganglionic neurons: intramural

A

embedded in organ

107
Q

ganglionic neurons: postganglionic

A

fibers extend to target

108
Q

vague nerve (CN X)

A

75% parasympathetic outflow

109
Q

parasympathetic distribution goes through

A

ganglion, and innervates only specific visceral structures

110
Q

anabolic parasympathetic activation

A

increasing/building

111
Q

sympathetic division

A

widespread impact, reaches organs and tissues,

can also go to bloodstream

112
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic division

A

most vital organs receive insertions from both

113
Q

autonomic plexuses

A

front body (cardiac, pulmonary, thoracic, esophageal)

114
Q

Parasympathetic division with heart

A

slows heart rate

115
Q

sympathetic division with heart

A

accelerates heart rate

116
Q

visceral reflexes

A

provides automatic motor responses

provides digestive functions

117
Q

visceral reflex arc

A

processign center for one or more interneurons

Bio 223 (10 decks)

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