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Histology > Week 6 Blood and Hematopoieses Part 2 > Flashcards

Week 6 Blood and Hematopoieses Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two groups leukocytes divide into?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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2
Q

Leukocytes made up what layer of centrifuged blood?

A

Buffy layer, less than 1% of blood

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3
Q

Granulocytes

A

Contain cytoplasmic granules, phagocytic!, oddly shaped nucleus

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4
Q

**Examples of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophiles, eosinophils, basophils

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5
Q

What else is phagocytic but NOT granular?

A

Macrophages (type of agranulocyte found in tissue when monocyte leaves blood)

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6
Q

Agranulocytes

A

LACK cytoplasmic granules

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7
Q

**Examples of agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes, Thrombocytes, and monocytes (can differentiate into macrophages in tissue)

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8
Q

What leukocyte is most abundant?

A

Neutrophils make up 50-60% of the 1% of leukocytes

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9
Q

What does polymorphonuclear mean?

A

Multi-lobed nucleus

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10
Q

Neutrophils

A

50-60% of leukocytes, phagocytic, granulocyte, leave circulation to traverse the connective tissue compartment to sites of damage

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11
Q

What is the easiest way to ID neutrophils?

A

By their multi-lobed nucleus (polymorphonuclear), this is due to distinct chromatin packing arrangement (Barr-body in woman due to inactivated X chromosome)

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12
Q

Barr body

A

Found in woman due to their inactivated X chromosome, creates distinct chromatin packing

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13
Q

What are the 3 classes of granules for neutrophiles?

A

1) primary (Azurophlilic) granules
2) Secondary
3) Tertiary granuales

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14
Q

Primary neutrophile (Azurophliic granules)

A

Lysosomal acid hydrolyses and defensins (kill microbial pathogens)

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15
Q

Secondary neutrophile granules

A

Proteolytic enzymes (like collagenase) complement activators (for clotting) and antimicrobial paptides

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16
Q

Tertiary neutrophile granules

A

Phosphatases and metalloproteinases, **primarily responsible for migration

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17
Q

Collagenase is an example of what class of granules?

A

Secondary granules neutrophils

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18
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

A subcellular organelle that digests or kills, typically with acid

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19
Q

Neutrophils migrate from blood to connective tissue by use of?

A

Carbohydrates and spectrin (alpha and beta)

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20
Q

What recognizes carbohydrates on the neutrophile?

A

Selectins (E and P-selectin), present on the endothelial cell

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21
Q

How do neutrophils enter the connective tissue?

A

Through a temporary opening in the endothelium, through adhesion molecules (selectins) and carbohydrates. Neutrophiles express transmembrane component called integrin. endothelial cells express P and E selectins and adhesion molecule ICAM. ICAM interacts with the integrin. Selectin interacts with carbohydrates. First selectin grabs onto carbohydrates, to allow ICAM and integrin bind. This signals a port to open for neutrophils to squeeze through blood vessel.

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22
Q

ICAM-1 is?

A

An adhesion molecule

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23
Q

Chemokines induce the recruitment of additional adhesion molecules called?

A

ICAM-1

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24
Q

Eosinophils make up how much of leukocytes?

A

Make up 1-5% of the 1% of leukocytes found in blood (VERY small amount)

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25
Q

When are eosinophils recruited?

A

In response to allergic reactions, parasitic infection, and chronic inflammation

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26
Q

Eosinophils have _____ and _____ granuoles

A

Primary and Secondary (like neutrophils, but neutrophils have 3)

27
Q

Primary eosinophils granules are also called?

A

Zerophilic, remember lysosomal acidhydrolases

28
Q

Secondary eosinophils granules

A

Contains histaminase and arylsulfatase to counteract histamine and leukotrienes from Mast Cells (they act to dampen the inflammatory response)

29
Q

Eosinophil secondary granuoles contain _______ body. With how many proteins?

A

Crystalloid bodies. 3 proteins.

30
Q

What are the 3 proteins found in crystalloud bodies of eosinophil secondary granuoles?

A

1) Major basic protein (MBP- intense acidophilia)
2) eosinophil peroxidase
3) eosinophil-derived neurotoxin

31
Q

What do the 3 proteinsin eosinophils secondary granuoles do?

A

Have strong cytotoxic effects on protozoans and parasites

32
Q

What color do eosinophils die?

A

Really pink with eosin. Hence EOSIN in name

33
Q

Unlike nuetrophiles, eosinophils do NOT have a _______ nucleus

A

Multilobe

34
Q

Basophiles

A

VERY rare (less than 1% or 1%), functionally related to Mast Cells, triggered by IgE, release inflammatory reactions seen in SEVERE hypersensitivities

35
Q

Basophiles are seen in sever hypersensitivity such as?

A

Asthma, anaphylaxis, heparin, histamine

36
Q

What triggers basophil activation?

A

IgE binding to the cell surface triggers baseophil activation and release of granule contents

37
Q

Basophiles are functionally realted to what other cell? Different how?

A

Functionally realted to Mast Cells, but NOT found in connective tissue like mast cells (found in blood) and have different secondary structures

38
Q

Basophils secondary granuleshave ______ texture and _______ figures may be seen?

A

Grainy texture and myelin figures

39
Q

What does heparin, histimine/heparan sulfate, and leukotrienes do in baseophil granuoles?

A

Heparin= sulfated GAG, anticoagulant
Histamine/heparan sulfate= vasoactive agents (cause dialation of small vessels)
Leukotrienes= trigger prolonged constriction of smooth muscle in the airway

40
Q

Basophils secondary granules are large or small?

A

Large, this is what you should look for to ID along with purply color

41
Q

Why aren’t lymphocytes terminally differentiated when they enter blood why?

A

They further differentiate as the encounter and get stimulated by other cells

42
Q

What is the most common agranulocyte?

A

Lymphocytes

43
Q

Lymphycytes migrate where?

A

Out of the blood vessels to other compartments AND back into blood vessel (very transient)

44
Q

Lymphoid progenitor cells originate in?

A

The bone marrow and other tissue associated with the immune system (thymus)

45
Q

Lymphocytes make a lot of?

A

protein

46
Q

Lymphocytes are recognized by their?

A

Grainy appearance do to all of their free ribosomes (to make lots of proteins) large oval nucleus

47
Q

Lymphocytes are named based?

A

On their function, not their morphology

48
Q

What are the three types of lymphocytes?

A

T and B lymphocytes, and Natural Killer cells (NK cells)

49
Q

T lymphocytes differenciate in? Involved in?

A

The thymus. Involved in cell-mediated immunity

50
Q

B lymphocytes found in? Function?

A

Bone marrow of mammals (first found in bursa of birds). Produce circulating antibodies and differentiate into Plasma cells in the connective tissue

51
Q

What can B lymphocytes differentiate into?

A

Plasma cells in connective tissue

52
Q

Natural Killer cells

A

Developed from same precursors as B/T lymphocytes cells, but these cells become programmed to kill transformed cells like precancerous cells

53
Q

Monocytes are abundant or not?

A

Not as abundant as lymphocytes but MORE than basophils

54
Q

Monocytes are a precurser to?

A

Phagocytic system

55
Q

Monocytes differenciate into?

A

Phagocytes in various tissues

56
Q

How do you ID monocytes?

A

By their largely indented nucleus (remember bc phagocyte)

57
Q

Examples phagocytes from monocytes

A

Macrophages in connective tissue; macrophages of lymph node/spleen/bone marrow; osteoclasts (remember RANK/RANKL); alveolar macrophages; Kupffer cells in the liver,

58
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Platelets

59
Q

Thrombocytes are derived from?

A

Megakaryocytes, large multilobed nucleus, polypoloidy

60
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small membrane bound cytoplasmic fragments

61
Q

What do platlets do?

A

Continuously survey blood vessels, participate in clot formation, involved in repair of injure tissue

62
Q

Platlets are fragments off of?

A

Megakaryocytes, shed off of the periphery by partially accessing sinusoids (never go in bloodstream)

63
Q

Where are megakaryocytes found?

A

Mainly stay in bound marrow and shed platlets into circulation

Histology (15 decks)

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