Week 6 Blood and Hematopoieses Part 2 Flashcards
What are the two groups leukocytes divide into?
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
Leukocytes made up what layer of centrifuged blood?
Buffy layer, less than 1% of blood
Granulocytes
Contain cytoplasmic granules, phagocytic!, oddly shaped nucleus
**Examples of granulocytes?
Neutrophiles, eosinophils, basophils
What else is phagocytic but NOT granular?
Macrophages (type of agranulocyte found in tissue when monocyte leaves blood)
Agranulocytes
LACK cytoplasmic granules
**Examples of agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes, Thrombocytes, and monocytes (can differentiate into macrophages in tissue)
What leukocyte is most abundant?
Neutrophils make up 50-60% of the 1% of leukocytes
What does polymorphonuclear mean?
Multi-lobed nucleus
Neutrophils
50-60% of leukocytes, phagocytic, granulocyte, leave circulation to traverse the connective tissue compartment to sites of damage
What is the easiest way to ID neutrophils?
By their multi-lobed nucleus (polymorphonuclear), this is due to distinct chromatin packing arrangement (Barr-body in woman due to inactivated X chromosome)
Barr body
Found in woman due to their inactivated X chromosome, creates distinct chromatin packing
What are the 3 classes of granules for neutrophiles?
1) primary (Azurophlilic) granules
2) Secondary
3) Tertiary granuales
Primary neutrophile (Azurophliic granules)
Lysosomal acid hydrolyses and defensins (kill microbial pathogens)
Secondary neutrophile granules
Proteolytic enzymes (like collagenase) complement activators (for clotting) and antimicrobial paptides
Tertiary neutrophile granules
Phosphatases and metalloproteinases, **primarily responsible for migration
Collagenase is an example of what class of granules?
Secondary granules neutrophils
What are lysosomes?
A subcellular organelle that digests or kills, typically with acid
Neutrophils migrate from blood to connective tissue by use of?
Carbohydrates and spectrin (alpha and beta)
What recognizes carbohydrates on the neutrophile?
Selectins (E and P-selectin), present on the endothelial cell
How do neutrophils enter the connective tissue?
Through a temporary opening in the endothelium, through adhesion molecules (selectins) and carbohydrates. Neutrophiles express transmembrane component called integrin. endothelial cells express P and E selectins and adhesion molecule ICAM. ICAM interacts with the integrin. Selectin interacts with carbohydrates. First selectin grabs onto carbohydrates, to allow ICAM and integrin bind. This signals a port to open for neutrophils to squeeze through blood vessel.
ICAM-1 is?
An adhesion molecule
Chemokines induce the recruitment of additional adhesion molecules called?
ICAM-1
Eosinophils make up how much of leukocytes?
Make up 1-5% of the 1% of leukocytes found in blood (VERY small amount)
When are eosinophils recruited?
In response to allergic reactions, parasitic infection, and chronic inflammation
Eosinophils have _____ and _____ granuoles
Primary and Secondary (like neutrophils, but neutrophils have 3)
Primary eosinophils granules are also called?
Zerophilic, remember lysosomal acidhydrolases
Secondary eosinophils granules
Contains histaminase and arylsulfatase to counteract histamine and leukotrienes from Mast Cells (they act to dampen the inflammatory response)
Eosinophil secondary granuoles contain _______ body. With how many proteins?
Crystalloid bodies. 3 proteins.
What are the 3 proteins found in crystalloud bodies of eosinophil secondary granuoles?
1) Major basic protein (MBP- intense acidophilia)
2) eosinophil peroxidase
3) eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
What do the 3 proteinsin eosinophils secondary granuoles do?
Have strong cytotoxic effects on protozoans and parasites
What color do eosinophils die?
Really pink with eosin. Hence EOSIN in name
Unlike nuetrophiles, eosinophils do NOT have a _______ nucleus
Multilobe
Basophiles
VERY rare (less than 1% or 1%), functionally related to Mast Cells, triggered by IgE, release inflammatory reactions seen in SEVERE hypersensitivities
Basophiles are seen in sever hypersensitivity such as?
Asthma, anaphylaxis, heparin, histamine
What triggers basophil activation?
IgE binding to the cell surface triggers baseophil activation and release of granule contents
Basophiles are functionally realted to what other cell? Different how?
Functionally realted to Mast Cells, but NOT found in connective tissue like mast cells (found in blood) and have different secondary structures
Basophils secondary granuleshave ______ texture and _______ figures may be seen?
Grainy texture and myelin figures
What does heparin, histimine/heparan sulfate, and leukotrienes do in baseophil granuoles?
Heparin= sulfated GAG, anticoagulant
Histamine/heparan sulfate= vasoactive agents (cause dialation of small vessels)
Leukotrienes= trigger prolonged constriction of smooth muscle in the airway
Basophils secondary granules are large or small?
Large, this is what you should look for to ID along with purply color
Why aren’t lymphocytes terminally differentiated when they enter blood why?
They further differentiate as the encounter and get stimulated by other cells
What is the most common agranulocyte?
Lymphocytes
Lymphycytes migrate where?
Out of the blood vessels to other compartments AND back into blood vessel (very transient)
Lymphoid progenitor cells originate in?
The bone marrow and other tissue associated with the immune system (thymus)
Lymphocytes make a lot of?
protein
Lymphocytes are recognized by their?
Grainy appearance do to all of their free ribosomes (to make lots of proteins) large oval nucleus
Lymphocytes are named based?
On their function, not their morphology
What are the three types of lymphocytes?
T and B lymphocytes, and Natural Killer cells (NK cells)
T lymphocytes differenciate in? Involved in?
The thymus. Involved in cell-mediated immunity
B lymphocytes found in? Function?
Bone marrow of mammals (first found in bursa of birds). Produce circulating antibodies and differentiate into Plasma cells in the connective tissue
What can B lymphocytes differentiate into?
Plasma cells in connective tissue
Natural Killer cells
Developed from same precursors as B/T lymphocytes cells, but these cells become programmed to kill transformed cells like precancerous cells
Monocytes are abundant or not?
Not as abundant as lymphocytes but MORE than basophils
Monocytes are a precurser to?
Phagocytic system
Monocytes differenciate into?
Phagocytes in various tissues
How do you ID monocytes?
By their largely indented nucleus (remember bc phagocyte)
Examples phagocytes from monocytes
Macrophages in connective tissue; macrophages of lymph node/spleen/bone marrow; osteoclasts (remember RANK/RANKL); alveolar macrophages; Kupffer cells in the liver,
What are thrombocytes?
Platelets
Thrombocytes are derived from?
Megakaryocytes, large multilobed nucleus, polypoloidy
What are platelets?
Small membrane bound cytoplasmic fragments
What do platlets do?
Continuously survey blood vessels, participate in clot formation, involved in repair of injure tissue
Platlets are fragments off of?
Megakaryocytes, shed off of the periphery by partially accessing sinusoids (never go in bloodstream)
Where are megakaryocytes found?
Mainly stay in bound marrow and shed platlets into circulation
