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Histology > Week 6 Blood and Hematopoieses Part 1 > Flashcards

Week 6 Blood and Hematopoieses Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Is blood considered a connective tissue?

A

Yes

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2
Q

How many liters of blood do we have?

A

about 5

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3
Q

Blood is a connective tissue consisting of ____ and ________ material

A

Cells and extreacellular material

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4
Q

Cells make up what percentage of blood volume?

A

45%

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5
Q

Plasma makes up what percentage of blood volume?

A

55%

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6
Q

What are the 3 main cell types in blood?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

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7
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

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8
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

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9
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Platelets

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10
Q

What is plasma?

A

“liquid” and protein components of blood

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11
Q

What does hematocrit mean?

A

Packed volume of erythrocytes

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12
Q

What is the normal volume of hematocrit for men verses woman?

A

40-50% for men and 35-45% for woman (packed cell volume of erythrocytes)

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13
Q

Discribe the layering in a centrifuged tube of blood?

A

Top 55% is water, protein/lipid components; 1% buffy coat in leukocytes and platelets; 45% erythrocytes/hematocrit

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14
Q

What is the buffy coat in a centrifuged tube of blood?

A

Leukocytes and platelets, thin and white-ish, only 1%

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15
Q

What percentage of plasma is water?

A

90%

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16
Q

What does plasma contain?

A

Dissolved gasses, electrolytes, and nutrients (and 90% water)

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17
Q

What are the two huge functions of plasma?

A

Maintain normal homeostasis: 1) proper pH and 2) osmolarity for metabolism

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18
Q

Name plasma proteins

A

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

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19
Q

Albumin is made by?

A

the liver

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20
Q

Albumin is responsible for maintaining

A

The osmotic pressure on the blood vessel walls (colloid osmotic pressure)

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21
Q

What are all the functions of albumin

A

1) osmotic pressure on the blood vessel walls
2) carrier protein
3) binds and transports hormones, metabolites, drugs

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22
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure?

A

is a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel’s plasma. Usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system. It is the opposing force to hydrostatic pressure.

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23
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

A

Albumin- making up ½ of total plasma proteins

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24
Q

What are globulins

A

Large protein family found in blood

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25
Q

What are the 2 types of globulins we must know?

A

Immunoglobulins and nonimmune

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26
Q

Immunoglobulins (Y-globulins) are antibodies secreted by?

A

plasma cells

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27
Q

Nonimmune globulins are secreted by?

A

Liver

28
Q

Alpha and beta globulins are?

A

Nonimmune globulins

29
Q

What do nonimmune globulins do?

A

1) maintain osmotic pressure

2) carrier proteins for copper, iron, and hemoglobin (haptoglobulin)

30
Q

What is haptoglobin?

A

Nonimmune globulin. Transports hemoglobin specifically

31
Q

What are y-globulins?

A

Immunoglobulins

32
Q

Other general nonimmune globulins in plasma

A

1) fibronectin (ECM protein)
2) TONS of coagulation factors
3) other factors that exchange between blood and extracellular connective tissue

33
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

Made by liver, coagulation factor that gets processed into insoluble fibrin, cross link fibrin to ‘clot’

34
Q

What does ‘clot’ mean?

A

Preventing leakage of blood from damaged vessels

35
Q

What is fibrin?

A

Initial blood clotting protein, precurser is fibrinogen made in liver

36
Q

What is plasma?

A

All blood solute without cell

37
Q

What is blood serum?

A

Is plasma depleted of the clotting factors

38
Q

How is plasma and serum different?

A

Serum is plasma AFTER you remove clotting factors, plasma is whole liquid component of blood including clotting factors (but excluding cells)

39
Q

Blood smear

A

A drop of while blood is spread across the slide, dried and stained (H&E)

40
Q

What do what do with blood instead of fixing/setting it like other tissue?

A

Make a ‘blood smear’

41
Q

Do erythrocytes have a nucleus?

A

No. one of the last steps of differentiation is to loss organelles

42
Q

Are RBCs dividing? Are they dead?

A

They are ALIVE, but they don’t divide

43
Q

What is the MAIN function of erythrocytes?

A

Bind and transport oxygen to the tissue and remove carbon dioxide from the tissues

44
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

It is the oxygen and carbon dioxide transport PROTEIN present in RBCs

45
Q

What is significant about RBCs shape?

A

It facilitates gas exchange by increasing surface area of cell with the indented shape

46
Q

What is the tetramer unit of hemoglobin (from biochem)?

A

HbA (adult)= alpha dimer + beta dimer = tetramer

HbF (fetal)=alpha dimer and Y dimer

47
Q

The unique cytoskeleton of erythrocytes allows them to be?

A

Flexible and squeeze through capillaries

48
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made of?

A

Spectrin; mainly alpha and beta spectrin (NOT actin or filiments). It is anchored to plasma membrane through the transmembrane protein called Band 3

49
Q

What is Band 3?

A

A transmembrane protein that anchors the spectrin cytoskeleton of erythrocytes to the plasma membrane

50
Q

Why is it called band 3?

A

When they isolated proteins of tissue based on size, this protein was “band #3” from the top to the bottom. It is such an abundant part of erythrocytes, that the name stuck

51
Q

Why would RBCs ever stack up?

A

Because they have been pelleted through centrifugation (tightly packed) or when they migrate through small venules/capillaries?

52
Q

What does venule mean?

A

small vein

53
Q

What is the prosthetic group for hemoglobin?

A

Iron-containing heme prothetic group is required for oxygen coordination

54
Q

Only _______ RBCs are found outside of the bone marrow

A

Mature (without nucleus and organelles)

55
Q

Where do erythrocytes develop?

A

In bone marrow on lil island structures called sinusoids located close to blood vessels

56
Q

What is the youngest RBC (or first one made)?

A

Proerythroblast

57
Q

What are proerythroblasts?

A

The youngest RBC, large round nucleous occupies most of the cell, cytoplasm is blue and stains blue from hematoxylin in H&E

58
Q

Basophilic erythroblast

A

In bone marrow, increased production of hemoglobin so it stains more eosin, slightly smaller than proerythroblasts

59
Q

What are the markers that tell you what cell type is abundant in blood smear

A

CD antigens

60
Q

Stem cells in bone marrow can go into two main lineages. What are they?

A

Lymphoid or Myeloid (from there they differentiate more)

61
Q

What are polychromatophilic erythroblasts?

A

Even more hemoglobin, nucleous is still large taking up most cell space (but smaller than proerythroblasts), No nucleoli

62
Q

What are othrochromatic erythroblasts?

A

Full of hemoglobin now, nucleus is highly condenses, stains with eosin, at this stage the nucleus is extruded

63
Q

What does pyknotic mean?

A

Highly condensed (nucelus in othrochromatic erythrocytes is pyknotic)

64
Q

What is othrochromatic erythrocytes called once they lose their nucleus?

A

Reticulocyte

65
Q

What is reticulocyte

A

Immature RBC, no nucleus, stains orange, in bone marrow UNLESS you’ve lost a lot of blood and the body is trying to catch up

66
Q

List young-old: othrochromatic erythrocyte, proerythroblast, Basophilic erythroblast, reticulocyte

A

Proerythroblast> Basophilic erythroblast> othrochromatic erythrocyte> reticulocyte

Histology (15 decks)

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