WEEK 6 Flashcards
What is a ‘group’ defined as?
Two or more people who cooperate with eachother and are co-dependent in the sense that they influence each others needs
What are the properties of a group according to Johnson and Johnson (1987)?
-A collection of individuals interacting with eachother
-A social unit of two or more people
- individuals who are interdependent
-inidviduals who can join together to achieve a goal
-individuals who’s interactions are structured by a set of roles and norms
- individuals who influence eachother
What is the difference between an ‘Ingroup’ and ‘Outgroup’?
Ingroup: ‘US’, a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity
Outgroup: ‘THEM’, a group that people perceive as distinctively different from their ingroup.
What is ‘Ingroup Bias’?
The tendency to favour one’s own group
What is self identity?
The we/us aspect of our self-concept that comes from our group membership
What is ethnocentrism?
The belief that one’s own group is central to everything
We exaggerate and intensify everything peculiar in out group which is different to us
Them vs Us
Explain the Prisoner Dilemma:
-Two suspects questioned separately by the DA but the DA has enough evidence to convict them of a lesser offence
- The DA provides the suspects with an incentive for each to confess privately
What are the incentives given to the prisoners?
-If one confesses and the other does not, the confessor will be granted a lower sentence
-If both confess, each will receive a moderate sentence
-If neither confess, each will receive a lighter sentence
Dawes (1991)
- Conducted around 2000 studies with students
-Found that communication is the key to unlocking “social traps”
Sherif’s Summer Camp Study (1953-61)
- Three stage study
-11 and 12 year old boys
-NO pre-existing relationships - Few days of forming friendships
-22 boys divided into two groups, Rattlers and Eagles
-1st week, unaware of others existence, group identity established
-2nd week, win or lose competitions, prizes
-Ingroup favouritism, negative image of outgroup
-3rd week, together, less aggressive to outgroup, but still hostility
What are Sherif’s important findings?
- Latent ethnocentrism without intergroup competition
-Prejudice
-Simple contact did not improve intergoup relations
What is the ‘Realistic Conflict Theory’
-Sherif (1966)
-The nature of the goal among individuals and group determines the nature of interindividual relations
-Mutual Goals = Cooperation
What is the ‘Intergoup Emotions Theory’?
- Mackie and Smith (2002)
- In group context, the appraisals of personal harm or benefit in a situation operate at the level of social identity and thus produce mainly positive ingroup and negative outgroup emotions
-Negative outgroup emotions may translate into prejudice and aggressive behaviour
LeBon (1908) and Crowd Behaviour
- Crowds produce primitive and homogenous behaviour:
- members are anonymous
-ideas and sentiments spread rapidly and unpredictably through a process of contagion
-unconscious antisocial motives are released through suggestion
What is the definition of ‘Deindividuation’?
- Loss of self awareness and evaluation apprehension
-Groups can generate a feeling of excitement being involved in something bigger than oneself
