WEEK 2 Flashcards

attributions

1
Q

What are social cognitions:

A
  • Cognitive processes and structures that influence and are influenced by social behaviour (Hogg and Vaughan)
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2
Q

Impression formation
traits - Asch

A
  • Central traits
    -Peripheral traits
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3
Q

Kelley (1950)

A

-Warm/ Cold
-Lecture delivery
-Impressions

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4
Q

Impression formation: Biases

A
  1. Primacy and Recency
    -order of presented information
  2. Positivity and Negativity
    - The importance of negative information
  3. Implicit personality theories
    -Certain characteristics go together to form specific types of personality
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5
Q

Van der Zanden (pictorial and textual cues dating apps)

A

-Eye tracking data from 48 undergrad students
-Pictures are more likely to attract initial attention and more attractive pictures received more attention
-texts received attention regardless

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6
Q

schemas

A

-Cognitive structure
-A set of interrelated cognitions, thoughts/ attitudes/ beliefs
-schemas allow us to quickly make sense or judge a situation/ person

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7
Q

Types of schema

A
  • Person schemas, role schemas, event schemas, content-free schemas, self-schemas.
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8
Q

Self-schemas

A
  • Schemas about oneself
    -Self schema- sense of self and identity
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9
Q

Heuristics

A

-cog short cuts
-availability: the frequency or likelihood of an event is based on how quickly instances/associations come to mind

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10
Q

categories / prototypes:

A

-people use categories to apply semantic knowledge
Prototype: Cognitive representation of the typical defining features of a category

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11
Q

Stereotypes:

A

-Widely shared and simplified generalisations of a social group and its members
-Central aspect of prejudice

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12
Q

creating stereotypes

A

Tajfel (1957, 1959) suggested it’s because of a
process of categorisation;

  • ‘Categorization accentuates perceived similarities within and differences between groups on dimensions that people believe are correlated with the categorization.
    The effect is amplified where the
    categorization and/or dimension has subjective
    importance, relevance or value.
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13
Q

The stereotype content model (SCM)

A
  1. Perceived competition / status
  2. Warmth / competence
  3. Admiration / contempt / pity/ envy
  4. Active / passive / Facilitative
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14
Q

Actor-observer effect

A
  • Attribute own/ others behaviour differently
    -own=externally
    -others=internally
    -perceptual focus
    -informational differences
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15
Q

Self-serving bias

A

-Distortions that protect our self-esteem/ self-concept
-ego serving
-attribute positives to internal factors
-blame environment for failure

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16
Q

Self- handicapping

A
  • setting up excuses that we can later use if we do poorly on a task
    -protects self-esteem
    -preserve or enhance self concept
17
Q

Belief in a ‘just world’

A

the tendency to believe that world is a just place
-people get what they deserve
- illusion of control
-makes us feel secure

18
Q

Attributions:

A
  • how people explain their own and others behaviour
19
Q

3 theories of attributions:

A
  1. Theory of naïve psychology (Heider 58)
  2. Covariation model (Kelley 67)
  3. Attributional Theory: Weiner (79,84,85)
20
Q
  1. Theory of naïve psychology
A
  • Studies peoples naive/common sense of psychological theories
21
Q

three principles the study is based on

A
  1. Behaviour motivated
  2. Identify stable and enduring properties of the world
    -Differentiate between personal and environmental causalities
22
Q
  1. Covariation model
    Kelley
A
  • Identify a factor that covaries with behaviour and assign a causal role
  • to make judgement, people consider three classes of information related to the co-occurrence of a certain action
23
Q

three classes of info:

A

high/low

-consistency
*how often

-distinctiveness
*only during/ anything related

-consensus
*everyone/ just you

24
Q

attributes

A

low consistency = search for alternative cause

high all factors = external attribution

low all factors = internal attribution

25
3. Attribution Theory Weiner
- success or failure on a task leads us to make an attribution based upon three factors
26
Three factors to make an attributiion
1. Stability 2. Locus of causality 3. Controllability
27
Fundamental Attribution Bias (FAE)
"Overemphasise personal factors and underestimate situational factors when making attributions about others" (Ross 77)
28
Ross et al 77
- Students randomly assigned into 3 groups, questioners, pp's, observer - questioners asked to come up with difficult questions which were used to test pp knowledge -Everyone knew questioners had the advantage, but still rated as more knowledgeable
29
why does FAE occur?
- Focus of attention - Differential forgetting - Cultural differences - Linguistics
30
Four causes of correspondence bias:
- Lack of awareness -Unrealistic expectations -Inflated categorisations - Incomplete corrections of dispositional factors
30
Correspondence Bias
- Every situation can be explained using internal and external causes - FAE represents cog biases - FAE = Correspondence Bias
30
Ultimate FAE
- FAE applied to group level processes -Prejudiced individuals explain: -Negative outgroup behaviour is dispositional -Positive outgroup behaviour is situational - Positive outgroup behaviour as anomalous
30
Intergroup attributions
-ingroup vs outgroup -ethnocentrism -stereotyping
31
Team- oriented attributions Martin and Carron (2012)
- meta analysis with 21 studies -emphasise internal factors for wins -downplay internal factors for a loss -females endorse loss better, appreciate the skill of others
31
Limitations of attributions
- Internal-external distinction questioned - Concerns over empirical studies - research on fae is culturally specific, not universal