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Psychology of the Early Years > WEEK 2 > Flashcards

WEEK 2 Flashcards

attributions

1
Q

What are social cognitions:

A
  • Cognitive processes and structures that influence and are influenced by social behaviour (Hogg and Vaughan)
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2
Q

Impression formation

A

Asch
- Central traits
-Peripheral traits

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3
Q

Kelley (1950)

A

-Warm/ Cold
-Lecture delivery
-Impressions

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4
Q

Impression formation: Biases

A
  1. Primacy and Recency
    -order of presented information
  2. Positivity and Negativity
    - The importance of negative information
  3. Implicit personality theories
    -Certain characteristics go together to form specific types of personality
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5
Q

Van der Zanden (pictorial and textual cues dating apps)

A

-Eye tracking data from 48 undergrad students
-Pictures are more likely to attract initial attention and more attractive pictures received more attention
-texts received attention regardless

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6
Q

schemas

A

-Cognitive structure
-A set of interrelated cognitions, thoughts/ attitudes/ beliefs
-schemas allow us to quickly make sense or judge a situation/ person

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7
Q

Types of schema

A
  • Person schemas, role schemas, event schemas, content-free schemas, self-schemas.
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8
Q

Self-schemas

A
  • Schemas about oneself
    -Self schema- sense of self and identity
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9
Q

Heuristics

A

-cog short cuts
-availability: the frequency or likelihood of an event is based on how quickly instances/associations come to mind

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10
Q

categories / prototypes:

A

-people use categories to apply semantic knowledge
Prototype: Cognitive representation of the typical defining features of a category

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11
Q

Stereotypes:

A

-Widely shared and simplified generalisations of a social group and its members
-Central aspect of prejudice

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12
Q

creating stereotypes

A

Tajfel (1957, 1959) suggested it’s because of a
process of categorisation;

  • ‘Categorization accentuates perceived similarities within and differences between groups on dimensions that people believe are correlated with the categorization.
    The effect is amplified where the
    categorization and/or dimension has subjective
    importance, relevance or value.
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13
Q

The stereotype content model (SCM)

A
  1. Perceived competition / status
  2. Warmth / competence
  3. Admiration / contempt / pity/ envy
  4. Active / passive / Facilitative
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14
Q

Actor-observer effect

A
  • Attribute own/ others behaviour differently
    -own=externally
    -others=internally
    -perceptual focus
    -informational differences
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15
Q

Self-serving bias

A

-Distortions that protect our self-esteem/ self-concept
-ego serving
-attribute positives to internal factors
-blame environment for failure

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16
Q

Self- handicapping

A
  • setting up excuses that we can later use if we do poorly on a task
    -protects self-esteem
    -preserve or enhance self concept
17
Q

Belief in a ‘just world’

A

the tendency to believe that world is a just place
-people get what they deserve
- illusion of control
-makes us feel secure

18
Q

Attributions:

A
  • how people explain their own and others behaviour
19
Q

3 theories of attributions:

A
  1. Theory of naïve psychology (Heider 58)
  2. Covariation model (Kelley 67)
  3. Attributional Theory: Weiner (79,84,85)
20
Q
  1. Theory of naïve psychology
A
  • Studies peoples naive/common sense of psychological theories
21
Q

three principles the study is based on

A
  1. Behaviour motivated
  2. Identify stable and enduring properties of the world
    -Differentiate between personal and environmental causalities
22
Q
  1. Covariation model
    Kelley
A
  • Identify a factor that covaries with behaviour and assign a causal role
  • to make judgement, people consider three classes of information related to the co-occurrence of a certain action
23
Q

three classes of info:

A

high/low

-consistency
*how often

-distinctiveness
*only during/ anything related

-consensus
*everyone/ just you

24
Q

attributes

A

low consistency = search for alternative cause

high all factors = external attribution

low all factors = internal attribution

25
Q
  1. Attribution Theory
    Weiner
A
  • success or failure on a task leads us to make an attribution based upon three factors
26
Q

Three factors to make an attributiion

A
  1. Stability
  2. Locus of causality
  3. Controllability
27
Q

Fundamental Attribution Bias (FAE)

A

“Overemphasise personal factors and underestimate situational factors when making attributions about others” (Ross 77)

28
Q

Ross et al 77

A
  • Students randomly assigned into 3 groups, questioners, pp’s, observer
  • questioners asked to come up with difficult questions which were used to test pp knowledge
    -Everyone knew questioners had the advantage, but still rated as more knowledgeable
29
Q

why does FAE occur?

A
  • Focus of attention
  • Differential forgetting
  • Cultural differences
  • Linguistics
30
Q

Four causes of correspondence bias:

A
  • Lack of awareness
    -Unrealistic expectations
    -Inflated categorisations
  • Incomplete corrections of dispositional factors
30
Q

Correspondence Bias

A
  • Every situation can be explained using internal and external causes
  • FAE represents cog biases
  • FAE = Correspondence Bias
30
Q

Ultimate FAE

A
  • FAE applied to group level processes
    -Prejudiced individuals explain:
    -Negative outgroup behaviour is dispositional
    -Positive outgroup behaviour is situational
  • Positive outgroup behaviour as anomalous
30
Q

Intergroup attributions

A

-ingroup vs outgroup
-ethnocentrism
-stereotyping

31
Q

Team- oriented attributions
Martin and Carron (2012)

A
  • meta analysis with 21 studies
    -emphasise internal factors for wins
    -downplay internal factors for a loss
    -females endorse loss better, appreciate the skill of others
31
Q

Limitations of attributions

A
  • Internal-external distinction questioned
  • Concerns over empirical studies
  • research on fae is culturally specific, not universal

Psychology of the Early Years (11 decks)

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