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Psychology of the Early Years > WEEK 4 > Flashcards

WEEK 4 Flashcards

ATTACHMENT AND DEPRIVATION

1
Q

Why is attachment important?

A
  • Security (Ainsworth and Bowlby)
    -Protection (Bowlby)
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2
Q

Four Signs of Infant Attachment:

A
  1. Proximity to caregiver
  2. Distress on separation
  3. Happy on reunion
  4. Orient actions to caregiver

7-9months old; fear of strangers

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3
Q

Assumptions of attachment theory:

A
  • Parent plays a central role in child’s development
  • Cognitive sensori-motor skills necessary for attachment
    -Learning in social interactions
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4
Q

Bowlby

A
  • Biological basis
    -Studied in evolutionary context
  • Need for proximity seen across species
  • Children actively involved in attachment relationship
    -Secure base
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5
Q

4/5 stages of attachment, Bowlby 1969

A
  1. No discrimination in orientation
  2. Preferential people- smile, comforted by caregiver (5-7mo)
  3. Preferential proximity to discriminated person by signals (7-9mo)
  4. Goal-corrected partnership- caregiver’s and child’s needs from (2/3 years of age)
  5. Lessening attachment (proximity) from school age onwards
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6
Q

Attachments

A
  • Multiple attachments
    -Qualities of caregiver is important
    -7/9 months: 29% infants +1 attachment figure
    -18months: 87% infants +1 attachment figure
    33% of infants had a stronger attachment to someone other than mother
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7
Q

Fox (1977) Cross-Cultural

A
  • Israeli Kibbutzim
  • Children in nursery with a nurse
    -1/2 year old children strongly attached to both nurse and mother
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8
Q

Mary Ainsworth (1978) SS

A

Measure for assessing how ‘well’ attached infant
is to mother/caregiver
* 12 to 24 month old infants
* Premise: caregiver as ‘safe base’, comforter
* 7 short episodes of study
* A well attached child should:
* explore when caregiver present
* be stressed by caregiver’s absence
* be comforted by caregiver’s return

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9
Q

SS Procedure

A
  1. M and I in room, I explores for 3 mins
  2. S enters, sits 1 min, talks to M 1 min, plays
    with I 1 min
  3. M leaves, S plays with I then withdraws, up
    to 3 mins
  4. M returns, S leaves discreetly, M settles I and
    sits for 3 mins
  5. M leaves, I alone for up to 3 mins
  6. S enters, attempts to settle I then withdraws
    if can, up to 3 mins
  7. M returns, S leaves discreetly, M settles I and
    sits down (session ends ~ 21 mins)
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10
Q

Classifications

A

Infant rated on:
1. Behaviour directed at caregiver
2. Proximity seeking
3. Response to stranger

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11
Q

3 types of attachment

A
  1. Type A: Avoidant* – child avoids caregiver
    (insecure)
  2. Type B: Secure – actively seeks contact with
    caregiver
  3. Type C: Insecure Resistant – some contact / some
    resistance (insecure)
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12
Q

Ainsworth Results

A

-65% secure attachment
-21% avoidant
-14% Resistant

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13
Q

Cross- Cultural Findings:

A
  • America: 70%type B
    -Japan: 30% resistant
  • Japanese infants excessively distressed when left alone

Simonelli et al, Takahashi

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14
Q

4th Attachment type

A
  • Insecure disorganised
  • common in abused infants/ depressed mothers etc
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15
Q

Issues raised by attachment theory:

A
  1. Role of the mother or other caregivers
  2. Childcare and attachment
  3. Attachment beyond infancy
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16
Q

Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis

A
  1. Critical period for attachment formation
  2. Observable distress when child separated from mother
  3. Developmental delays in institutionalised children
  4. Harlow’s rhesus monkeys
  5. Delinquency in children who had undergone a ‘separation experience’
17
Q

Harlow’s Monkeys (1959)

A
  • 8 isolated newborn monkeys
  • put in a cage with a cloth mother and wire mother
  • all monkeys clung to the cloth mother for comfort, and only went to the wire monkey for food
18
Q

Bowlby’s hypothesis pros/cons

A
  • Induced guilt in working mothers
    -generally disputed
  • improvements in institutional care
    -increase in fostering of children
    -easier parent access to children in hospital
19
Q

Koluchova (1972) Deprivation

A
  • Twins in Czech reared from 1-7 by psychopathic stepmother and inadequate father
    -mother died, 1 yr in foster
    -no school
    -7yo could not walk, limited speech
20
Q

Genie Wiley (Curtiss 1977)

A
  • Severely neglected until 13yo
  • chained to a potty, tied in a sleeping bag, nobody spoke to her
  • extremely underweight and short
  • could not walk
    -no development of language skills
21
Q

Tizard et al

A

-65 English children raised in residential nurseries from birth to 2
- high quality well trained staff, plenty of toys, however high staff turnover
1. returned to family aged 2
2. adopted between 2/8 yrs
3. remained in nursery

Psychology of the Early Years (11 decks)

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