week 5 sem 2

Question 1

Testes function

Answer 1

Production of spermatozoa (male gamete) made in seminiferous tubules in the testes
Adjust fluid composition
Recycles spermatozoa
Secretion of testosterone.

Question 2

epididymis

Answer 2

sperm transport and sperm maturation

Question 3

Seminal vesicles (glands)

Answer 3

secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid containing fructose, prostaglandins.

Question 4

Prostate glands

Answer 4

a single, doughnut-shaped gland that secreting a milky, slightly acidic fluid containing citric acid, proteolytic enzymes and antibiotic.

Question 5

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands

Answer 5

secrete an alkaline fluid during sexual arousal that neutralises acids from urine and mucus for lubrication.

Question 6

Penis

Answer 6

contains 3 regions Root, body and Glans. The root of the penis is the fixed portion that attaches the penis to the body wall. The body (shaft) of the penis is the tubular, movable portion. The glans of the penis is the expanded distal end that surrounds the external urethral orifice.
Erectile tissue will be essential for erection process

Question 7

Urethra

Answer 7

Carries semen and urine
Fluid exits at external urethral orifice

Question 8

Testosterone secreted by

Answer 8

secreted by Leydig cells in the testes

Question 9

Testosterone funtcion

Answer 9

Promote spermatogenesis (formation of male gamete)
Testosterone can be transformed into oestrogen by aromatase, which is important for spermiogenesis (maturation of spermatozoa)
Maintain libido and related behaviours
Stimulate bone and muscle growth
Male secondary characteristics (breaking voice; facial, axillary & pubic hair)

Question 10

dihydrotestosterone

Answer 10

promotes prostate growth, sebaceous gland activity, male pattern baldness, and body, facial, and pubic hair growth.

Question 11

spermatogonia

Answer 11

produce male gametes in the seminiferous tubules of the testes during SPERMATOGENESIS

Question 12

where does maturation of sperm occur

Answer 12

epididymis

Question 13

PROSTATE

Answer 13

• a single, doughnut-shaped gland encircles urethra
• Produces 1/3 of semen volume
• Secreting a milky, slightly acidic fluid containing citric acid, proteolytic enzymes and antibiotic.
• Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is normally present in low concentrations, however elevated levels may indicate cancer.

Question 14

BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS:

Answer 14

Bulbourethral glands called as well Cowper’s glands
secrete a thick, alkaline mucus that helps neutralize any urinary acids that may remain in the urethra (to protect sperm),
lubricates the glans, or tip of the penis.

Question 15

SEMINAL GLANDS

Answer 15

Secrete 60% of semen volume
Alkaline fluid which will neutralise acidity present in female reproductive tract
Fructose for energy for sperm
Fluid essential for capacitation (activation) of sperm cells

Question 16

SPERMIOGENESIS

Answer 16

creates 23 chromosomes instead of 46

Question 17

corpus cavernosa

Answer 17

consists of a maze of vascular channels incompletely separated by elastic connective tissue and smooth muscle. Each surrounds a central artery.

Question 18

corpus spongiosum

Answer 18

will fill up with blow flow coming in the region. Since there is more blood flow going in than out, the engorgement of erectile tissue (cavernosa) with blood will lead to the erection of the penis.

Question 19

female reproductive system function

Answer 19

make female gametes (ova or ovum) and hormones for reproduction
provides a protective and nourishing environment for the potential developing embryo/foetus until birth (If fertilisation occurs with male gamete)
breasts provide milk to nourish a newborn baby
menstruation.

Question 20

vulva

Answer 20

refers to the external female genitalia and includes

Question 21

Labia majora

Answer 21

protect the other external reproductive organs. During puberty, hair growth occurs on the skin of the labia majora, which also contain sweat and oil-secreting glands.

Question 22

Labia minora

Answer 22

surround the opening to the vagina and urethra (the tube that carries pee from your bladder to the outside of your body

Question 23

Clitoris

Answer 23

Your two labia minora meet at your clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion

Question 24

Vaginal opening

Answer 24

Your vaginal opening allows menstrual blood and babies to exit your body.

Question 25

Opening to your urethra

Answer 25

The opening to your urethra is the hole you pee from

Question 26

vagina (internal) fucntions

Answer 26

it serves as a passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids
it receives the penis during sexual intercourse and holds spermatozoa prior to their passage into the uterus
forms the inferior portion of the birth canal, through which the foetus passes during delivery.

Question 27

cervix functions

Answer 27

During childbirth, the cervix dilates widely to allow the baby to pass through. During menstruation, the cervix opens a small amount to permit passage of menstrual flow.

Question 28

ovaries

Answer 28

production of immature females gametes, or oocytes
secretion of females sex hormones, including oestrogen and progesterone
secretion of inhibin, involved in the feedback control of pituitary FSH production

Question 29

Uterus

Answer 29

Uterus provides mechanical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for the developing embryo and fetus.

Question 30

perimetrium

Answer 30

is the outermost layer consisting of a serous membrane continuous with the peritoneum that covers the major organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Question 31

myometrium

Answer 31

forms the middle layer of the uterus and contains many layers of visceral muscle tissue. During pregnancy the myometrium allows the uterus to expand and then contracts the uterus during childbirth

Question 32

endometrium

Answer 32

layer borders the hollow lumen of the uterus. It is made of simple columnar epithelial tissue with many associated exocrine glands and a highly vascular connective tissue that provides support to the developing embryo and foetus during pregnancy.

Question 33

Fallopian tubes

Answer 33

are narrow tubes attached to the upper part of your uterus and serve as pathways for the egg (oocyte or embryo) to travel from your ovaries to your uterus. Fertilization of an egg by sperm normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where it implants into your uterine lining.

Question 34

FOLLICULAR

Answer 34

includes the menstruation phase lasting 3-5 days corresponding of the shedding of the stratum functionalis of the endometrium. It is caused by constriction of the spiral arteries, which reduces blood flow to areas of endometrium. Deprived of oxygen and nutrients, the secretory glands and other tissues in the functional zone begin to deteriorate. Eventually, the weakened arterial walls rupture, and blood pours into the connective tissues of the functional zone. Blood cells and degenerating tissues of then break away and enter the uterine cavity, to be lost as they pass through the vagina and externally.

Question 35

OVULATION

Answer 35

rising levels of oestrogen stimulates surge of LH release (positive feedback) This surge causes follicle rupture and releases oocyte from the ovary into the oviduct where it may or may not be fertilised.

Question 36

LUTEAL PHASE

Answer 36

The ruptured follicle forms the corpus luteum, releasing large amounts of progesterone and some oestrogen. Corpus Luteum secretions are essential for establishing and maintaining pregnancy in uterus.