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biology > week 1 sem 2 > Flashcards

week 1 sem 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the Integumentary system?

A

skin/ cutaneaous membrane
largest body organ (7% of a total body weight)

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2
Q

Epidermis

A

made of layers of closely packed epithelial cells filled with keratin.
functions= protection/ vit D absorbtion

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3
Q

Dermis

A

made of dense, irregular connective tissue containing blood vessels, hair
follicles, sweat glands, and other structures.
contains sensory neurons
functions = protection , thermoregulation sensation, excretion

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4
Q

Hypodermis,

A

below the dermis is mainly loose
connective and fatty tissues.
functions= thermoregulation, connection to muscles, blood resevoir

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5
Q

Epidermal cells

A

90% of epidermal cells are keratinocytes; arranged in 4-5 layers/strata.
* Produce keratin (tough, protective protein) and lamellar granules (water-proofing and
preventing microbe entry)
* Melanocytes produce pigments: melanin and carotene.
* Transfer melanin to keratinocytes.
* Protection of nuclear DNA from UV light damage.
* Langerhans cells detect pathogens and activate an immune response.
* Merkel cells (in basal layer) detect sensations of touch.

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6
Q

epidermis classification

A

keratinised, stratified, squamous epithelium.

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7
Q

thick skin

A

Thick skin found on
soles of feet, palms
and fingers has 5 layers not 4
* Contains stratum
lucidum + thicker
stratum granulosum
and corneum.

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8
Q

Dermis cells

A
  • Fibroblasts: connective tissue building cells.
  • Macrophages: phagocytes.
  • Adipose cells: storage of lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins.
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9
Q

integrementary system functions

A
  • regulate body temp
  • storage
  • Detects cutaneous sensations via sensory receptors
  • Protects body from external environment
  • Synthesis of Vitamin D3
  • Excretes and absorbs substances
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10
Q

Describe the functions of accessory structures of the skin- hhair

A

Protect from UV damage
Important as sensory receptors

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11
Q

Describe the functions of accessory structures of the skin- sweat glands

A

Apocrine- Secrete sweat into hair follicles; odour since bacteria use it for nutrition.
Merocrine- Cools skin surface to reduce body temperature; excrete water, electrolytes and some drug metabolites; dilutes harmful chemicals on skin; discourages microbial growth by flushing off skin or via dermcidin.

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12
Q

Describe the functions of accessory structures of the skin- nails

A

Protects exposed/distal tips of digits.
Helps digit withstand distortion/counter pressure when subjected to mechanical stress.
Allows manipulation and grip of small objects.
Allows scratching and grooming of the body.

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13
Q

Describe the functions of accessory structures of the skin- Sebaceous glands

A

Inhibits bacterial growth; lubricates and protects keratin of the hair shaft.

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14
Q

Describe the functions of accessory structures of the skin- skin colour

A

Melanocytes increase pigment production in response to sun exposure, but too slowly to prevent sunburn

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15
Q

Describe the functions of accessory structures of the skin- hameoglobin

A

Skin is easily observed and can aid diagnosis of body conditions.

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16
Q

Discuss the functions of the main types of receptors in skin- Nociceptors

A

Respond to extremes of temperature, dissolved chemicals including those released by damaged cells, physical damage, infection, inflammation, ischaemia.
therefore tell the brain that damage has occurred to body cells

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17
Q

Discuss the functions of the main types of receptors in skin- Thermoreceptors

A

Free nerve endings in dermis
Very active while temperature changing but adapt quickly.

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18
Q

Discuss the functions of the main types of receptors in skin- Mechanoreceptors

A

Sensitive to stimuli which distort cell membranes
Free nerve endings sensitive to touch & pressure between epidermal cells.

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19
Q

Discuss the functions of the main types of receptors in skin- Epidermal mechanoreceptors

A

In areas of skin without hair.
Touch/compression à chemical release à activation of sensory neuron.
Extremely sensitive due to very small receptive field.

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20
Q

effects of aging on the integumentary system

A
  • Epidermis thins
  • Dendritic/Langerhans cell number drops to 50% of that at age 21 – increased risk of skin infection due to this macrophage cell loss.
  • Vitamin D3 production drops by 75%-> increase risk of fracture
  • Melanocyte activity drops – paler skin and whiter hair. Increased risk of sunburn.
  • Gland secretion drops
  • Blood flow to skin drops
  • Dermis thins;
  • Sex hormone levels drop
  • Skin repairs up to 50% slower
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21
Q

aetiology

A

causes of disease

22
Q

Pathophysiology

A

includes the cell, tissue and organ changes that occur with disease
and the effects on body function.

23
Q

Clinical manifestations

A

signs and symptoms

24
Q

labile cells

A

divide frequently

25
Q

stable cells

A

infrequent divisions

26
Q

permanent cells

A

cannot divide

27
Q

hypoxia

A

insufficent o2 limits atp production

28
Q

ischemia

A

poor blood flow reduces o2 and nutrients delivery to cells

29
Q

necrosis

A

death of cell due to irreversable stress

30
Q

neoplasia

A

abnormal cell and tissue growth -> cancer

31
Q

metaplasia

A

change of one cell type to another

32
Q

atrophy

A

decreased in cell size

33
Q

hypertophy

A

increased in cell size bc increase demand

34
Q

hyperplasia

A

increased in number of cells,

35
Q

dysplasia

A

variation in size and shape of cell

36
Q

tumours

A

excess cell growth

37
Q

dermis layers 2

A

papillary layer and reticular layer

38
Q

Regulates body temperature via:

A

insulating underlying tissue by lipids
evaporation by sweat glands
vasodilation and vasoconstriction
piloerection of hairs to form a layer of trapped air

39
Q

storage in the skin

A

of lipids in adipocytes in dermis and adipose layer of hypodermis for energy reserves and insulation
of blood in extensive capillary networks in dermis and hypodermis.

40
Q

Detects cutaneous sensations via sensory receptors:

A

thermoreceptors (detect either heat or cold).
mechanoreceptors (detect fine touch, pressure, vibration).
nociceptors (pain receptors) detect cell damage.

41
Q

Protects body from external environment

A

from impact damage, abrasion, chemicals by multiple layers of dead, tightly joined, water-proofed, keratinized cells.
from large fluid loss or intake by lipid lamellar granules produced by keratinocytes
from UV light damage to nuclear DNA via melanin produced by melanocyte

42
Q

Excretes and absorbs substances

A

excretion of salts and water by sweat glands for cooling and reduction of microbe colonisation.

excretion of oils for skin and hair lubrication by sebaceous glands.

absorption of lipid-soluble molecules across the skin into blood capillaries

43
Q

Synthesis of Vitamin D3

A

activated to calcitriol by liver enzymes for multiple body functions e.g. absorption of calcium

44
Q

risk of low vit d

A

decreased calcium absorbtion
calcium deficeny and decreased minerisation of bone/ increase risk of cansers

45
Q

straum basale

A

deepest layer of epidermis cell

46
Q

Tactile/Meissner corpuscles sensory receptor

A

In dermal papillae.
Sensitive to light touch, light pressure and low frequency vibration.
Adapt within a second after stimulation.

47
Q

pacinian functions sensory receptor

A

deep pressure/ pulse vibrations

48
Q

ruffni organ sensory receptor

A

In reticular layer of dermis.
Detect tension and distortion in the dermis.
Do not adapt, or only slightly.

49
Q

merkle disks sensory receptor

A

In areas of skin without hair.
Touch/compression à chemical release à activation of sensory neuron.
Extremely sensitive due to very small receptive field

50
Q

free nerve endings sensory receptors

A

Sensitive to touch and pressure.
Between epidermal cells.
Sensitive due to small receptive fields.

51
Q

Lamellated corpuscles

A

In reticular layer of dermis.
Sensitive to deep pressure and vibration.
Detect pulsing or high frequency vibrations.
Adapt quickly.

biology (20 decks)

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