week 3

Question 1

Pseudostratified epithelium

Answer 1

secretes mucos
Lines upper airways, lines epididymis and part of male urethra

Question 2

Simple squamous

Answer 2

alveoli in lungs, lining of blood vessels, glomerulus of the nephron (for filtration of the blood).

Question 3

Stratified columnar

Answer 3

secretes & portects
lines part of urethra, large excretory ducts such as oesophageal glands, part of conjunctiva of eye.

Question 4

Simple cuboidal

Answer 4

forms ducts of glands, lines kidney tubules, forms surface of ovary.

secretes and absorbs

Question 5

Ciliated epithelium

Answer 5

cilia on a cell surface contract in unison to sweep substances across a cell surface.

Question 6

Simple columnar

Answer 6

absorbs& secretes
lines ducts of many glands and gallbladderalso lines in bronchioles, in fallopian tubes.

Question 7

Stratified squamous

Answer 7

protects against abrasitions
external portion of skin, lining of mouth and oesophagus, covers tongue, part of pharynx and vagina.

Question 8

Transitional epithelium

Answer 8

allowsurinary organs to expand and stretch
Lines bladder and portions of ureters and urethra.

Question 9

Stratified cuboidal

Answer 9

protective tissue
adult sweat glands, salivary glands and mammarey glands

Question 10

catabolic

Answer 10

break down larger/ complex molecules into smaller opnes // release energy (exergonic) // eg glycolosis, kreb cycle ETC

Question 11

anabolic

Answer 11

use simple molecules to make larger organic molecules // consume energy // eg make proteins from amino acids

Question 12

where does glycolysis occur

Answer 12

cytosol

Question 13

glycogenesis (anabolic)

Answer 13

(synthesis of glucose): triggered by insulin // glycogen- many molecules of glucose glued together// storage of glucose in liver andf skeletal muscle cells // formed when not needed to produce ATP inside cells

Question 14

Glycogenolysis (catabolic)

Answer 14

( breakdown of glycogen) glucose released from stores when glucose levels are low // triggered by glucagon & adrenaline// glucose drops, stored glycogen in hepatocytes release glucose into blood

Question 15

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 15

( synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources): production of glucose when BGL low // triggered by cortisol & glucaogon// generation of ATP from non-carbohydrate sources// AA, lactic acid, glycerol can be used (60% of bodys AA can be used)

Question 16

atp what

Answer 16

cells main energy source
catabolic- give off heat
anabolic- use app

Question 17

structure of atp

Answer 17

• Three phosphate groups attached to adenosine (adenine plus ribose sugar)
  Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds

Question 18

Cellular respiration summary:

Answer 18

• Glycolysis: 2 ATP (net gain)
• Kreb’s cycle: 2 ATP
• Electron transfer: 26-28 ATP
• Total yield: 30-32 ATP
• Can be summed up with the following equation:
  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + 30-32 ATP + heat
  Glucose + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide + ATP + heat

Question 19

Epithelium

Answer 19

• Epithelium: boundry forming tissue (lining and covering)
  Function= absorbtions/ secrertion/ protection /filltration/ excretion

Question 20

connective tissue

Answer 20

Functions= support & bind to other tissues// provide insulation & protection

Question 21

connective tissue proper

Answer 21

has a large amount of background matrix, protein fibres and some cells // dense ones indicate lots of collegan fibres

Question 22

Adipose connective tissue

Answer 22

provides insulation and stores far

Question 23

Supporting connective tissue

Answer 23

are cartliage based

Question 24

Fluid connective tissue

Answer 24

It contains erythrocytes and various types of leukocytes that circulate in a liquid extracelular matrix.

Question 25

Muscle tissue

Answer 25

Specilised for contraction eg skeletal smooth cardiac

Question 26

Nervous tissue

Answer 26

Primary functuon is communication eg nervous/ neuroglia

Question 27

Ageing-related changes Epithelium:

Answer 27

• Gets thinner with ageing; the fewer the cell layers the greater the chance of skin damage and increased bruising
  Skin becomes drier due to less secretion from oil/sebaceous glands therefore increased risk of damage.

Question 28

Describe the major age-related changes Connective tissue

Answer 28

• Becomes more fragile
• Decrease in collagen produced and/or a reduction in the quality of collagen produced, therefore there is a decrease in tensile strength and flexibility in tissues.
• Elastin fibres fragment and become associated with calcium deposits which can predispose atherosclerosis development in blood vessels.
  Wrinkles develop due to less elastin and collagen.

Question 29

Describe the major age-related changes in tissues Nervous

Answer 29

• Brain mass/weight reduces; reduced biochemical activity.

Question 30

Describe the major age-related changes in tissues Muscular

Answer 30

• Atrophy of muscle tissue, caused by reduction in contractile proteins in muscle cells, resulting in a loss of strength.
• Loss of strength occurs in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle.
  Constipation may develop in old age due to slowing of the smooth muscle contraction in the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 31

membranes

Answer 31

Membranes are sheets of flexible tissue that line or cover a part of the body

Question 32

Homeostatis

Answer 32

the body’s ability to maintain a stable (balanced) internal environment in the face of variable external conditions through constant interactions of the body’s many regulatory processes.

Question 33

Feedback system loop

Answer 33

Controlled condition ( variable that is monitored)-> stimulus (any distruptions to controlled condition) -> receptor (detects change and notifies the CC) -> control centre (evaluate and process info) -> effector (produces the response) -> response

Question 34

Negative feedback

Answer 34

opposes stimulus

Question 35

Positive feeback

Answer 35

enhance stimulus