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biology > week 2 sem 2 > Flashcards

week 2 sem 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

prokaryote vs eukaryote

A

prokaryote:small unicellular (structure) no membrane (cytoskeleton) , asexual reproduction
eukaryote: large, multicellular, have membrane, sexually reproduce

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2
Q

what is a microorganism

A

tiny living organisms
they are everywhere
- living organisms can reproduce independently thus virus and pirons are not living

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3
Q

virus

A

not living
no cellular strucure
protein capsule around DNA or RNA
can mutate
antibotics are ineffective
size= billionth of a meter

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4
Q

bacteria

A

prokarytoic
mostly unicellular
different shapes
have cell walls

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5
Q

protoza

A

eukaryotic cells
unicellular
usually motile (moves about)
bigger then bacteria

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6
Q

fungi

A

eukaryote
uni or multicellular
has cell wall
produce spores

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7
Q

helminths

A

eukarytoe
multicellular
large
eggs/ lava/ adult cycle

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8
Q

bacteria growth requirments

A

pathogenic bacteria= 37 degrees
pH 7
oxygen/ no oxygen

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9
Q

gram positive

A

tijick layer of peptidoglycan as cell wall
capable of forming spores (survive in extreme conditions)
reinfection

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10
Q

gram negative

A

reinforced with 2nd membrane as cell wall
most difficult to kill
produce endotoxins (released when bacteria dies)

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11
Q

normal flora benefits

A

skin: reduces pH
oral & vagina: competes and inhibits pathogens and yeast
intestine: excrete antibacterial chemicals, synthesis and secrete vitamins, stimulate local immunity

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12
Q

normal flora disadvantages

A

compete for nutrients
bacterial synergism
endogenous diseases: fever inflammitary
opportunistic infection

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13
Q

normal flora oppoutunistic infection causes

A

genetic predistibutions
chemo/ impacted immunity
HIV/AIDS
bone marrow disease
pregnancy

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14
Q

mode of transmission

A

contact either directly or indirectly
vehicle eg air water food
vector eg via an animal (mosquitoes and ticks)
formite-borne via an inanimate object
verticle= intrauterine and postpartum

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15
Q

enviornmental control- sterilisation

A

destruction/ elimination of ALL microbes
methods= heat, heat + pressure, radiation, filtration, chemical

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15
Q

chain of infection

A

infectious agent
reservoir
portal of entery
mode of transmission
portal of exit
suseptible host

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16
Q

enviornmental control- disinfection

A

elimination of MOST pathogens from inanimate objects
methods= chemical, gas

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17
Q

sanitation is

A

safe disposal of human urine and feaces

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18
Q

To cause disease, a pathogen must successfully achieve four steps

A

exposure, adhesion, invasion, and infection

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19
Q

Pathogenicity

A

the ability of a microbial agent to cause disease

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20
Q

Virulence

A

the degree to which an organism is pathogenic

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21
Q

Adherence

A

Adhesion is the capability of pathogenic microbes to attach to the cells of the body using adhesion factors
Found on the surface of certain pathogens and bind to specific receptors on host cells

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22
Q

Toxins

A

biological poisons that assist in their ability to invade and cause damage to tissues.

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22
Q

Invasiveness

A

invasion is the ability of a pathogen to enter host cells or tissues, spread and cause disease

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23
Q

Endotoxins

A

are structural components of most gram-negative bacteria If the concentration of endotoxins in the body is low, the inflammatory response may provide an effective defence against infection. Large doses of endotoxin can cause death from hemorrhagic shock and tissue necrosis.

24
Q

Exotoxins

A

are toxic proteins released from the pathogen as it grows.

25
Q

comparison in endotoxins and exotoxins

A

endo: gram neg bacteria (source), lipid A component of lipopolysacchride (composition), effect on host(general systematic sympotoms of inflam and fever, heat stable LD50= high

exo: gram pos mainly & gram neg, protein, specific damage to cell is dependent, most heat are labile but some are stable. LD50= low

26
Q

Evasion

A

virulence factors to evade phagocytosis by cells of the immune system

27
Q

what is an antigen

A

anything that is capable of inducing an immune response
- anything that is foregin to you as a host

28
Q

body defences

A

non-specific
generaldefence on all antigens, inborn, first and second line
specific
targeted defence against one type of antigen, acquired during a life, third line defence

29
Q

innate

A

do not distinguish bw threats
react same each time as first time
tissue damage

30
Q

first line of defence protects against

A

portals of entry eg skin , mucous membranes, fluids

31
Q

second line defence

A

1 antimicrobial chemicals, 2 phagocytes, 3 natural killer cells, 4 inflammation, 5 fever

32
Q

antimicrobial chemical

A

interferons- interfers with the viral replication and activates immune cells (made by host cell and WBC)
complement- plasma protein that complements “highlight” all aspects of the immune response

33
Q

phagocyte

A

cell that eats & attracted to site by chemotoxins
destroy bugs and dead tissue

34
Q

NKC

A

immune surveillance- target abnormal cells

35
Q

inflammation

A

destroys & removes antigens
limits effect. of injurious agents
cleans up dead tissue & debria
promotes healing
STOPs going into circ system& suppoerted by phagocytois

36
Q

5 key signs of inflammatory

A

redness, heat, swelling, pain
sometimes loss of function

37
Q

fever

A

tempurature regulator in hypothalumus is reset and rises temp to help destroy bugs

38
Q

specific adaptive or acquired

A

protects against particular threats
develop after exposure
cell mediated annd antibody mediated

39
Q

specific immunity characteristcs

A

specificity, versatility, memory, tolerance

40
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

t cells: thymus dependent
attack abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells
kills directly (do not make antibodies)
recognise a specific antigen

41
Q

T cell antigen

A

antigen bound to membrane protein presenting on MHC

42
Q

antigen presenting cell / CD4

A

macrophage, lymphocyte B or dendric cells express MCH II

these engult the bigger pathogens and produce antigenic fragments which are displayed on the MCH II plasma membrane
this helps t helper cells to recognise foreing MCH II
t helper cell releases cytokines

43
Q

what happens when the t helper cells secrete cytokines

A

Helper T cells secrete cytokines
A. Attract and stimulate macrophages
B. Attract and stimulate cytotoxic T cells
C. Promote activation of B cells → make
antibodies

44
Q

class I MCH / CD8 receptor

A
  1. Antigen presentation by class I MHC
    proteins is triggered by viral or bacterial
    infection of a cell
  2. results in the appearance of
    abnormal peptides in the cytoplasm
  3. Abnormal proteins incorporated into class I
    MHC proteins as synthesised at the ER
  4. After export to the Golgi, the MHC proteins
    reach the plasma membrane within transport
    vesicles
  5. The abnormal peptides are displayed by the
    class I MHC proteins on plasma membrane
  6. Cytotoxic T cell (via CD8 receptor) recognise
    foreign I MHC
  7. Destroys cell
45
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells attack foreign cells or body cells
infected by viruses

46
Q

Helper T cells

A

Helper T cells stimulate the activation and function of
both T cells and B cells

47
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

Suppressor T cells inhibit the activation
and function of both T cells and B cells

48
Q

Memory T cells

A

Memory T cells are a subset of T cells that respond to a previously encountered antigen

49
Q

Th1 Th2

A

Th1= cellular immunity
Th2= humeral immunity

50
Q

antibody

A

sectreted by plasma cells (B cells)
bind to a specific antigen and promote destruction
apoptosis after clearnence of pathogen
compromised of constant and variable regions

51
Q

types of antibodies

A

madge
* IgA: on mucosal surfaces and in blood
* IgD: B cell surfaces
* IgE: active in allergies, protection from parasites
* IgG: ‘memory’ antibody (80% of antibodies)
* IgM: first one made

52
Q

B cell sensitisation

A

Each B cell recognises one antigen
* Display corresponding antibody on membrane
* Specific antigen binds to antibody on B cell
* Antigen brought into cell; combined with Class II MHC
* Sensitisation complete

53
Q

antibody may cause elimination by

A
  1. Activation of complement
  2. Attraction of phagocytes
  3. Stimulation of inflammation
  4. Prevention viral/bacterial adhesion
  5. Precipitation and agglutination
  6. Neutralisation
  7. opsonisation
54
Q

types of immunity

A
  1. Active
    * Make your own antibody
  2. Passive
    * Ready-made antibodies given
  3. Naturally acquired
    * Come into contract in natural course of life
  4. Artificially acquired
    * Needs outside intervention
55
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A
  • Antibodies obtained passively by transfer
    E.g. mums antibodies pass across placenta
56
Q
  • Artificially acquired passive immunity
A
  • Injection of antibodies made by someone else
  • Protect temporarily against an infection
  • E.g. rabies antibodies provided after bite from rabid dog
57
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A
  • Protection obtained by contracting disease
  • E.g. catch chicken pox as child
58
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity

A
  • Immunisation
  • E.g. vaccination against ruebella as child
59
Q

what is immunisations

A

Process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease
* Body makes antibodies against antigen
* Memory cells remain
* Destroys antigen if re-exposed

60
Q

How vaccines stimulate immunity

A
  • Primary response
  • Initial exposure to antigen
  • B cell differentiate into
  • Plasma cell - secrete antibodies
  • Memory B cells
    Secondary response
  • Re-exposure to antigen
  • Memory B cells
  • Rapid, strong IgG response
  • IgG more effective than IgM as a defense
  • Antigen destroyed before it takes hold

biology (22 decks)

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