week 8 sem 2

Question 1

Extracellular fluid (ECF) components

Answer 1

makes up 1/3 of our total body water. It is divided into two components: blood plasma (liquid portion of blood) and the interstitial fluid (fluid surrounding cells). Interstitial fluid allows for exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products between cells and blood vessels.

Question 2

Intracellular fluid (ICF) components

Answer 2

makes up 2/3 of our total body water. It is the fluid within cells of the body. It consists mainly of water, along with dissolved solutes such as ions, proteins, nutrients, and other molecules necessary for cellular function. The composition of intracellular fluid is carefully regulated to support cellular processes.

Question 3

Hypertonic solution

Answer 3

If a cell is placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration than the solute concentration inside the cell, water will move out of the cell to try to dilute the higher concentration of solutes outside. This can cause the cell to shrink or undergo crenation.

Question 4

Osmosis

Answer 4

the process by which water molecules move from an area of lower solute concentration (higher water) to higher solute concentration (lower water), through a membrane that allows only water to pass but not the solutes.

Question 5

Hypotonic solution:

Answer 5

If a cell is placed in a solution with a lower solute concentration than the solute concentration inside the cell, water will move into the cell to balance the concentrations. This can cause the cell to swell and potentially burst, a process known as lysis.

Question 6

Isotonic solution

Answer 6

If a cell is placed in a solution with the same solute concentration as the solute concentration inside the cell, there will be no net movement of water. The cell’s size will remain relatively stable.

Question 7

Increase in blood osmolarity response

Answer 7

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors detect ↑ blood osmolality.
ADH released from posterior pituitary.
ADH acts on nephrons to reabsorb water into blood.
Urine becomes more concentrated.
Blood becomes more dilute.

Question 8

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

Answer 8

pressure exerted by blood on the walls of the capillaries. This pressure is primarily responsible for forcing fluid out of the capillaries and into the interstitial spaces through a process known as filtration.

Question 9

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

Answer 9

pressure exerted by interstitial fluid surrounding cells.

Question 10

Plasma oncotic osmotic pressure

Answer 10

osmotic pressure exerted by large proteins present in plasma, particularly albumin. These proteins are too large to pass through the semipermeable capillary walls, so they remain within the blood vessels. This creates a concentration gradient across the capillary walls, which results in the reabsorption of water into the capillary.

Question 11

Interstitial fluid oncotic osmotic pressure

Answer 11

osmotic pressure exerted by proteins present in interstitial fluid.

Question 12

Fluid movement among compartments:
Oedema

Answer 12

• Main causes
  1. Increased hydrostatic pressure
  2. Decreased oncotic pressure
  3. Lymphatic obstruction
  4. Increased vascular permeability