Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology > week 10 respiritory > Flashcards

week 10 respiritory Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Upper respiratory tract consists of:

A

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lower respiratory tract consists of:

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 2 anatomical divisions of respiratory organs

A

upper and lower respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the 2 functional divisions of the respiratory system

A

conducting and respiratory zones:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Conducting zone

A

All structures in the respiratory tract from the nose down to the terminal bronchioles
Only for passage of air WITHOUT any gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
These are the parts where gas exchange takes place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The nasal cavity

A

Our nostrils lead into a nasal cavity housing three turbinate bones (nasal conchae) and nasal meatuses.. The conchae increase the surface area and produce a turbulent airflow to delay it for warming, humidifying and cleaning the air to protect the lungs. The vestibule is continuous with the skin outside and so, lined with keratinised stratified squamous epithelium to withstand mechanical insults like scratching and abrasion. The roof of the nasal cavity is lined with sensory cells of the olfactory mucosa to help with smell sensation. the paranasal sinuses are hollow cavities in the facial bones, continuous with the nasal cavity. They warm, humidify, and filter air, lighten the skull and enhance voice resonance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 3 parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nasopharynx

A

It is lined with respiratory epithelium and help with warming, humidifying, and filtering air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Oropharynx

A

Lying posterior to the oral cavity, the common path for food and air. It is lined with non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

extending from the epiglottis to the oesophagus. It opens into the larynx anteriorly and oesophagus posteriorly. So, it is the common path for food and air. The stratified squamous epithelium changes to non-keratinised in this region.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The larynx (Voice Box)

A

The larynx is supported by cartilages, ligaments and muscles. The thyroid cartilage enlarges into Adam’s apple after puberty in males. It is made of smooth Hyaline cartilage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Epiglottis

A

leaf-like elastic cartilage. It covers the opening of the larynx (glottis) during swallowing, so that food and drinks cannot enter the airways.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

found below the thyroid cartilage and the two are linked by a membrane. This membrane is the one cut open during emergency if airways are obstructed. The procedure is known as Cricothyroidotomy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vocal cords (folds)

A

are membranous tissue arising from the sides of the larynx and forming a slit-like opening called glottis. The movement of air through the glottis vibrates the vocal cords and produce sound/speech.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the respiratory tree from superior to inferior

A

larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchiole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

trachea

A

a 10–12 cm long and 2 cm wide hollow tube passing through the mediastinum

supported and kept open always by incomplete C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings. An elastic connective tissue and smooth muscle (trachealis muscle) completes the ring at the back. These soft tissues protect the oesophagus posterior to the trachea and allow it to expand during swallowing.

Where the trachea branches into the two primary bronchi, we find the Carina, the last tracheal cartilage ring covered with mucous membrane and a large number of sensory receptors. Irritation of these receptors triggers a violent cough reflex, preventing entry of unwanted particles into the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

diameter smaller than 0.5 mm start the respiratory zone and branches into two or more alveolar ducts leading into alveoli (air sacs) looking like a bunch of grapes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

alveoli

A

made of thin simple squamous epithelia to facilitate easy diffusion of gases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Type II alveolar cells/pneumocytes

A

cells secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension and prevent collapse of the alveoli when breathing out

21
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

are the third type of cells scattered in the alveoli as a final defence against debris and microorganisms.

22
Q

lungs

A

two lungs are not identical, the left lung having only two lobes and a cardiac notch, but the right lung has three lobes.

23
Q

5 steps of respiration

A

Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Gas transport
internal respiration
Cellular respiration

24
Q

1) Pulmonary ventilation (Respiratory System)

A

Movement of air in and out of the lungs

25
Q

2) External respiration (Pulmonary gas exchange - Respiratory System)

A

Gas exchange between alveolar air and blood

26
Q

3) Gas transport (Cardiovascular System)

A

Transport of O2 and CO2 in blood

27
Q

4) Internal respiration (Tissue gas exchange – Cardiovascular System)

A
  • Gas exchange between blood and tissues/cells
28
Q

5) Cellular respiration

A
  • The process of oxidising food molecules to ATP, CO2 and H2O (Every cell)
29
Q

Ventilation (Breathing)

A

Continuous movement of fresh air high in O2 in & stale air high in CO2 out of the lungs in two steps
1. Inspiration/Inhalation 2. Expiration/Exhalation
* Respiratory cycle (a single breath)

30
Q

how long does a single breath and respitroy rate take and what does it include

A
  • One complete inspiration and expiration (3-5 sec at rest)
  • Resting respiratory rate 12-20 breaths/minute
31
Q

air travels?

A

high to low driven by a pressure gradient

32
Q

what is the intra-alveolar pressure at rest

A

760 mmHg

32
Q

to inhale and exhale we need a pressure gradient, how do we do that?

A

To inhale: can we increase the atmospheric pressure? Not Easy!
* So, pressure in the lungs (intra-alveolar space) must be reduced below
atmospheric pressure for airto move in.
* To exhale: again, we cannot decrease the atmospheric pressure
* But we can increase the intra-alveolar pressure in the lungs to force air out!

33
Q

Apply Boyle’s law (1662)

A

if volume increases pressure will decrease, if volume decreases pressure will increase.

Pulmonary ventilation necessitates volume changes in the lungs to create a pressure gradient:
*
* *
When intra-alveolar volume ↑ → Pressure ↓
* if intra-alveolar pressure less than atmospheric pressure → Inspiration
When intra-alveolar volume ↓ → Pressure ↑
if intra-alveolar pressure higher than atmospheric pressure → Expiration

P1×V1=P2× V2
(where P = pressure; V = volume)

34
Q

How can we change lung volumes?

A

The pleurae and pleural cavity solve the problem
* Cavity filled with pleural fluid, that decreases friction during breathing
* Creates sub-atmospheric pressure (-4 mmHg) to keep lungs adhered to the thoracic cage

35
Q

Inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and intercostal muscles)

A
  • Breathing may be QUIET or FORCED
  • Muscles active in QUIET inspiration (active
    process)
    1. DIAPHRAGM
  • Most important inspiratory muscle separating
    2.
    thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
  • Dome shaped at rest and flattens during contraction
    *increase Thoracic volume decrease pressure
    EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
  • On contraction, Lifts ribs up and out
    *increase Thoracic volume -> decrease pressure
36
Q

Inspiratory muscles FORCED

A

Other muscles active during FORCED inspiration= Accessory inspiratory
muscles
* Scalenes
* Sternocleidomastoid
* Trapezius
Contraction of accessory inspiratory muscles-> increase Thoracic volume-> decrease pressure further to the forceful contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals

37
Q

Expiratory muscles
Quiet expiration

A

passive process; no muscle contraction!
* Inspiratory muscles relax-> decrease Thoracic volume-> increase pressure

38
Q

Muscles active during forced expiration (active process)

A

Internal intercostal muscles
Depress ribs-> decrease Thoracic volume-> increase pressure Abdominal muscles
* Compress abdomen, pushing diaphragm upwards-> decrease Thoracic volume-> increase pressure

39
Q

Steps in inspiration

A

Steps in inspiration
At beginning of inspiration
* No pressure difference between atmosphere and lungs
* Intrapleural pressure is subatmospheric
Inspiratory muscles contract and intrathoracic volume ↑ Intrathoracic and Intrapleural pressure ↓
Lungs expand and alveolar volume ↑
Alveolar pressure ↓ and becomes subatmospheric
Air moves into the lungs due to pressure gradient
At the end of inspiration
* Intra-alveolar pressure becomes the same as atmospheric
pressure
* Intrapleural pressure is more -ve than at the beginning of
inspiration

40
Q

Steps in expiration

A

Steps in expiration
At the beginning of expiration
* Intra-alveolar pressure is same as atmospheric pressure
* Intrapleural pressure is highly subatmospheric
Inspiratory muscles relax → intrathoracic volume ↓
Intrapleural pressure ↑
Lungs recoil and alveolar volume ↓
Alveolar pressure ↑ and becomes higher than atmospheric pressure
Air moves out of the lungs
By the end of expiration
* Intra-alveolar pressure becomes the same as atmospheric
pressure
* Intrapleural pressure is less -ve than at the beginning of expiration

41
Q

Compliance affects ventilation

A
  • An indicator of lung expandability
  • Low compliance requires greater force for breathing
  • High compliance requires less force for breathing
  • Factors that affect compliance
    1. Elastic connective tissue around the alveoli–positive effect
    2. Mobility of the thoracic cage–positive effect
    3. Surface tension in alveoli–negative effect
  • Need for surfactant production to breathe easy!
42
Q

where does external respiration occur

A

in the lungs

43
Q

where does internal reparation occur

A

in the tissue of the body

44
Q

External respiration

A
  • Gas exchange occurs across the respiratory membrane of the alveolus
  • Gas exchange between air in the lungs and blood in the capillaries
  • Each gas moves down its pressure gradient by passive diffusion
  • O2 moves from alveoli to blood
  • CO2 moves from blood to alveoli
45
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases between blood in capillaries and cells in tissues of the body
* Pressure gradient is reversed, So:
* O moves from blood to tissues 2
* CO2 moves from tissues/cells to blood

46
Q

Structural functional relationship for gas exchange

A
  • Thin respiratory membrane in the lungs
  • Simple squamous epithelium of alveolus + capillaries
47
Q

muscles involved in pulmonary respiration

A

scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

biology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions