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biology > week 11 sem 2 > Flashcards

week 11 sem 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a pharmacology?

A
  • Study of drugs and its Actions and effects on living systems
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2
Q

What is a drug?

A

‘Any substance or product that is used or intended to be used to
modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the
benefit of the recipient’
* Any substance that acts on living tissue

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3
Q

What is a medicine?

A
  • Drug mixed in a formulation to allow it to be administered
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4
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

how the drug works

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5
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

how our body affects the drug

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6
Q

potency

A

the amount of chemicals required to produce an effect

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7
Q

selective

A

want the drug to work on a specific enzyme/ receptor

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8
Q

Bioavailability

A

Amount of drug available to act in the body

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9
Q

Chemical name

A

Precise description of the drug’s chemical composition and
molecular structure

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10
Q

Approved name (generic name)

A
  • Active ingredient
  • Derived from chemical name
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11
Q

Trade name (brand name)

A

Manufacturer gives the drug a name by which they can sell it
* Copyright a trade name

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12
Q

Generic prescribing

A

Generic medicines contains the same active ingredient as existing
medicine

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13
Q

Drug classification

A

Therapeutic use
Molecular structure
System affected
Mechanism of action
Drug schedule
Pregnancy safety

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14
Q

Drug absorption

A

Passage of a drug from its site of administration into plasma
* Drugs must cross cell membranes

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15
Q

How do drugs move across the cell membrane?

A
  1. Passive diffusion
  2. Filtration
  3. Active transport
  4. Carrier-mediated transport
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16
Q
  • What determines whether a drug will cross the cell membrane?
A
  1. Nature of the absorbing surface
  2. Chemical structure of the drug
17
Q
  • Variables to drug binding
A
  1. Hypoalbuminaemia
  2. Affinity of drug for plasma protein
  3. Drugs binding to tissues e.g. bone, adipose
  4. Barriers to distribution e.g. blood-brain-barrier, placenta
18
Q

Drug metabolism

A
  • Enzyme modification of drug molecules (lipid soluble)
  • Lipid soluble drugs to water soluble metabolites
  • Start of drug clearance (elimination)
  • Liver
19
Q

Routes of drug excretion

A
  • Renal
  • Biliary
  • Pulmonary
  • Sweat
  • Saliva
  • Breastmilk
20
Q
  • Renal route excretion
A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
21
Q

Drug clearance

A
  • Volume of blood cleared irreversibly of drug per unit of time
22
Q

Therapeutic range of a drug

A

range of drug concentration that has a high probability of producing the desired therapeutic effect and a low probability of producing adverse effects

23
Q

Drug half-life time

A

This is the time taken for the plasma concentration of drug to decrease by one half

24
Q

How do drugs act on our body?

A
  • Drugs can act on DNA
  • Drugs can act via a chemical reaction
  • Drugs can act via a physical action
  • Drugs can act by binding to protein molecules
25
Q

Primary drug targets
* Four regulatory proteins

A
  1. Receptors
  2. Ion channels
  3. Carrier molecules
  4. Enzymes
26
Q

How do drugs act on receptors?

A
  • Drugs bind to receptors (lock and key)
  • Agonist
  • Antagonist (stop own bodies receptor)
27
Q
  • A drug acting as an agonist w receptor
A

Binds to the receptor and produces the same response as the endogenous
ligand

28
Q
  • A drug acting as an antagonist w receptor
A
  • Binds to the receptor without eliciting a response
  • Prevents endogenous ligand from binding
29
Q

How do drugs act on ion channels

A
  1. Physically blocking an open ion channel
    e.g. local anaesthetics
  2. Binding to a receptor that governs an ion channel (ligand gated channels)
    e.g. sulphonylureas (type II DM)
30
Q

How do drugs act on carrier molecules

A
  • Blocking the carrier molecule from transporting the substance it carries
31
Q

How do drugs act on enzymes

A
  1. Competitive inhibition
  2. Non-competitive inhibition
32
Q
  • Competitive inhibition
A

Drug and substrate compete for active site on enzyme
* Normal reaction slowed down or inhibited
* Reversible

33
Q
  • Non-competitive inhibition
A

Drug distorts enzyme shape or damages enzyme
* Normal reaction cannot proceed at all
* Permanent

biology (22 decks)

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