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biology > week 3 sem 2 > Flashcards

week 3 sem 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the primary lymphatic organs

A

red bone marrow
thymus (surrounded by capsule)

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2
Q

secondary lymphatic organs

A

spleen (surrounded by capsule)
lymph nodes( surrounded by capsule)

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3
Q

diffuse lymphatic tissue

A

tonsils
Peter’s patches
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

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4
Q

red bone marrow

A

site of haematopoeisis; contain lymph stem cells
- b cells mature in the red bone marrow
- T cells mature in the thymus

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5
Q

thymus

A

located in mediastinum
largest in infancy
atrophies after puberty
diminishing effectiveness in adulthood

T cells mature here
thymus makes thymosin hormones for maturation of T cells

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6
Q

spleen functions

A

removal of abnormal/ dying cells by phagositing cells
storage of iron recycled RBCs
initiation of immune response by of B and T cells
histology:
red pulp- contain RBCs; filters antigens
white pulp- resembles lymphoid nodules B and T cell responses occur

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7
Q

lymph node functions

A

filters lymph
affront vessles carry lymph from peripheral tissue to lymph node
foreign matter trapped in fibres
destroyed by macrophages, B and T cells
efferent vessles leave lyphm node at hilum and carry cleaner lymph to venous circulation
lymphatic proliferation

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8
Q

traberculae

A

bundles of collagen fibres

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9
Q

hilum

A

shallow indentation where blood vessles and nerves reach

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10
Q

lymphoid tissues

A

nodules scattered in connective tissue
tonsils
mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue
typhoid tissues associated w digestive system

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11
Q

tonsils

A

develop immunity against oral pathogen
defensive mechanism from inhaled air or swallowed in food/ drinks

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12
Q

MALT and Peters patches

A

found in GI tact, inc appendix
important in immune response against ingested pathogens

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13
Q

what is inflammation

A

the boys response to injury
second- line, non-specific

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14
Q

actue inflammatary

A

aims to remove injurious agent
occurs before specific

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15
Q

chronic inflammation

A

progressive acute inflammation

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16
Q

innate immunity

A

inflammation needed to eliminate pathogens and cell debris (first step in healing process)

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17
Q

purpose of inflammation

A

destroys, dilutes or neutralises injurious agents
stimulates immune response
cleans up dead tissue and debris
enables healing

can also injure normal tissue

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18
Q

stimuli that stimulates inflammation

A

infections
chemical agents
physical agenta
tissue necrosis
foregin bodies

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19
Q

chemical mediators

A

damaging agents activate chemicals factors from
1) cells to get WBCS/ vasodilations/ clotting
2) plasma to get complement proteins activated

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20
Q

histamine release

A

increased capillary permeability and vasodilation

21
Q

two phases of inflammation

A

1) vascular pase
- changes in vascular size and
flow
increase redness and warmth/ swelling
2) cellular phase
- movement of wbc

22
Q

exudates

A

fluid rich in protein and cellular elements
moves out of vessles into tissue
eg infection, malignancies

23
Q

transudate

A

low protein, no cells
eg heart failure

24
Q

cellular phase

A

WBC move into tissue at site of injury or infection
1. margination
2. transmigration
3. chemotaxis
4. activation of leukocytes

25
Q

cardinal signs

A

redness, warmth, swelling, pain, loss of function

26
Q

actue vs chronic

A

begin imidately/ lasting 2 plus weeks
fast onset/ slow onset
nuetrophiuels/ monocytes
tissue injury usually mild and self-limited/ server and progressive
5 cardial signs/ fibrosis and granuloma
exudation of fluid and plasma protein/ vascular proliferation

27
Q

systemic effects of inflammation

A

fever
malaise
anoxia
accelerated degradation of skeletal muscle proteins
luekpcytosis

28
Q

inflammation can also be present with disease

A

autoimmune disease
asthma
diabetes mellitus

29
Q

ageing effects on inflammatory

A

actue inflammation takes longer
decline in phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages

30
Q

phases of healing

A

haemostats
inflammatory
proliferative
remodelling

31
Q

haemostatis phase

A

immediatly after injury
formation of initial temporary clot
release of chemotactic and vasoactive agents
vasoconstriction officers for 10mins to limit blood floss

32
Q

inflammatory phase

A

vasodilation= inflammatory mediators
increase vascular permeability
nuetrophils= clean wound cite, release inflammatory mediators
macrophages= phagocytes debris and bacteria, secrete cytokines, collogenesase and elastase’s

33
Q

proliferation

A

inc epithelialisation, granulistation and wound contraction
new epithelial growth
permanent bring
epithelium undergoes differienation

34
Q

granulation

A

new connective tissue
fibroblasts make collagen
capillaries give red appearance
macrophages: produces factors enhancing fibroblast entry

35
Q

profiliation

A

wound edges are pulled together

36
Q

remodelling

A

contractions continue
collagen remodelling orient along lines of mechanical stress

37
Q

regeneration

A

complete return to normal structure and function

38
Q

resolution

A

almost returned to original structure and function

39
Q

repair

A

destroyed tissue replaced with scary tissue

40
Q

healing by primary intentions

A

minimal tissue losee
would edges proximal
most functional tissue replaced
begins within hours
relatively quick
minimal scar formation
resolutions/ regeneration more likely

41
Q

healing by secondary intention

A

significant loss of tissue
wound edges not approximated
little regeneration of functional tissue
takes longer
usually scarring

42
Q

repair vs regeneration factors

A

extensive damage present
size and shape of wound
fibrin presists in lesion
type of tissue damage

43
Q

dysfunctional healing

A

any phase
insufficient repair excessive repair
infection

44
Q

stages of bone healing 1

A

reactive phase
fracture haemotoma
nearby bone cells die
swelling and inflammation occurs

45
Q

stages of bone healing 2

A

reparative phase
callus formation: fibrocartilage callus and where cartilage and collagen bridge the gap bw broken bones which is converted into spongy bone bony callus

46
Q

stages of bone healing 3

A

remodling phase
osteoclasts remodel callus
compacted bone replaces bone around the outsider of the fracture

47
Q

healing in elderly

A

inc complications from other conditions
have less blood flow to skin
decreaseimmune response
decrease inflammation

48
Q

factors that promote healing

A

1st
ice
compression
elevation

biology (22 decks)

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