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Physiology > Week 5 Respiratory system > Flashcards

Week 5 Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Type I PNEUMOCYTES

A

Epithelium is Simple squamous , Function is to do Gas Exchange

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2
Q

Type II PNEUMOCYTES

A

Produces Surfactant

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3
Q

Surfactant is produced and released at what age?

A

Produced at 24 weeks gestation, released at birth

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4
Q

What is surfactant?

A

A lipid and protein mixture that lines the alveolis

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5
Q

What is the function of surfactant?

A

decreased surface tension during exhale, so lungs dont collapse

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6
Q

What chemical causes surfactant to be released at birth?

A

cortisol

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7
Q

Internal respiration is :

A

respiration between cell capillary and alveoli

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8
Q

External respiration is:

A

The respiration occurring between the atmosphere and lungs

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9
Q

What is another name for external respiration?

A

ventilation

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10
Q

Air always flows from ____ to _____.

A

high to low

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11
Q

Barometer detects _______ exerted by the ________.

A

pressure, atmosphere

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12
Q

Boyle’s law states that pressure and volume are ______ ______.

A

inversely proportional

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13
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure is

A

Pressure inside the lungs

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14
Q

Intrapulmonary volume is

A

volume inside the lungs

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15
Q

The atmospheric pressure at sea level is

A

760 mmHg

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16
Q

At rest, _________ pressure and __________ pressure are the same.

A

atmospheric and intrapulmonary (760 mmHg)

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17
Q

At rest ____ levels are ___ in blood and ____ levels are ____ in blood.

A

At rest O2 levels are low in blood and CO2 levels are high in blood.

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18
Q

Lung volume at rest is around ____ ml of air

A

40 ml

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19
Q

How do we make air enter the lungs if the two pressures are the same?

A

By changing the pressure inside the lungs, since you can’t change the pressure of the atmosphere

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20
Q

Steps of inspiration:

A

low O2/High CO2 -> stimulates chemoreceptors -> stimulates medulla (respiratory center) -> stimulates phrenic nerve -> stimulates diaphragm/respiratory muscles -> diaphragm/muscles move down & out -> negative pressure is then created in lungs -> thoracic veins drain into lungs -> increase in intrapulmonary volume-> decrease in intrapulmonary pressure (4hgmm) -> air enters lungs

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21
Q

what are chemoreceptors?

A

receptors that respond to chemicals

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22
Q

What stimulates the medulla?

A

increase in CO2 and decrease in O2

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23
Q

What are the two types of chemoreceptors ?

A

Type 1: central receptors and Type 2: peripheral receptors

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24
Q

Central receptors are located near the ______.

A

medulla

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25
Q

Central receptors detect ____ concentration in ___. By detecting ____ concentration it can tell if ___ has increased.

A

Central receptors detect “H” concentration in CSF. By detecting “H” concentration it can tell if CO2 has increased.

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26
Q

Increase in “H” concentration means a decrease in __ and increase in ___ levels.

A

pH, CO2

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27
Q

The central receptor is the _____ chemoreceptor for the respiratory system. It can override what the ________ chemoreceptors are telling the medulla.

A

main, peripheral

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28
Q

Peripheral receptors are located in the ______ ______ & _______ _________.

A

carotid artery & aortic bodies

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29
Q

Peripheral receptors detect a decrease in __ levels and if decreased it stimulates the ________.

A

O2, medulla

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30
Q

The higher brain centers , ______ ______, can override both the chemoreceptors and tell the ______ ______ what it wants it to do.

A

cerebral cortex, respiratory center

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31
Q

For expiration to occur, the __________ ________ must be less than the ___________ _________.

A

atmospheric pressure, intrapulmonary pressure.

32
Q

Expiration steps:

A

Inhalation caused lungs to fill with air -> this stimulates stretch receptors w/in medulla -> this inhibits the phrenic nerve -> This inhibits diaphragm and respiratory muscles -> diaphragm and muscles relax -> diaphragm moves up and muscles move inward -> lungs fall back on themselves (recoiling property) -> blood is pushed out of the lungs -> this decreases intrapulmonary volume-> in turn increasing intrapulmonary pressure (8hgmm)-> then air leaves lungs

33
Q

TV

A

tidal volume

34
Q

IRV

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

35
Q

IC

A

Inspiratory Capacity

36
Q

VC

A

Vital capacity

37
Q

TLC

A

Total lung capacity

38
Q

ERV

A

expiratory reserve volume

39
Q

RV

A

residual volume

40
Q

FRC

A

functional residual capacity

41
Q

EC

A

expiratory capacity

42
Q

Tidal volume is

A

A normal breath (1 inhale & 1 exhale)

43
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume is

A

Amount of air you can forcefully inhale after a normal inhale

44
Q

Expiratory reserve volume is

A

Amount of air you can forcefully exhale after a normal exhale

45
Q

inspiratory capacity is

A

Amount of air your lungs can inhale

46
Q

Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume =

A

Inspiratory Capacity

47
Q

Expiratory capacity is :

A

Total amount of air the lungs are able to exhale.

48
Q

Tidal volume + Expiratory reserve volume =

A

Expiratory capacity

49
Q

Residual volume is :

A

Amount of air always left in the lungs

50
Q

Functional residual capacity is:

A

Amount of air left in the lungs after a normal exhale

51
Q

Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume =

A

functional residual capacity

52
Q

Vital capacity is

A

Amount of air that can be manipul- ated

53
Q

IRV + TV + TLC =

A

vital capacity

54
Q

Total lung capacity is

A

Total amount of air your lungs can hold

55
Q

__% of oxygen that enters our blood stream diffuses into the plasma.

A

2%

56
Q

__% of oxygen that enters our blood enters the red blood cells, binds with ___, and forms _____________.

A

98%, hgb, oxy-hemoglobin

57
Q

Steps to CO2 transport in venous blood

A

CO2 enters capillary -> CO2 and H20 combine via CARBONIC ANHYDRASE (ENZYME) -> you then get H2CO3 (carbonic acid)-> carbonic acid then breaks down into Hydrogen and bicarbonate (H + HCO3-) -> bicarbonate (HCO3-) then leaves the RBC and Chloride comes in via alkaline tide pump

58
Q

__ % of CO2 diffuses into the capillaries.

A

70

59
Q

What is the alkaline tide pump ?

A

a pump that allows Bicarbonate (HCO3-) and Chloride (Cl) to enter and exit the RBC in opposite directions

60
Q

__% CO2 is bound to hgb.

A

20

61
Q

When CO2 is bound to HgB it is called

A

carboaminohemoglobin

62
Q

The rest of the __% of CO2 dissolves in plasma.

A

10

63
Q

Steps to CO2 release from venous blood

A

Bicarbonate comes back in and Chloride exits the RBC via alkaline tide pump-> once bicarbonate is back in it combines with the Hydrogen it once left and forms bicarbonate-> bicarbonate then breaks down into CO2 and H20 via carbonic anhydrase(enzyme)->then the co2 diffuses out and enters alveoli

64
Q

What happens to carboaminohemoglobin in co2 RELEASE?

A

it breaks up into CO2 and Hgb

65
Q

Metabolic acidosis is due to

A

Excess acid in body or Not enough base in body

66
Q

Respiratory acidosis is due to

A

excess CO2 in body

67
Q

Metabolic alkalosis is due to

A

Excess base in body or Not enough acid in body

68
Q

Respiratory alkalosis is due to

A

not enough CO2 in the body

69
Q

What system compensates for metabolic acidosis ?

A

Respiratory system

70
Q

How do you compensate for metabolic acidosis

A

hyperventilation - releasing CO2

71
Q

What organ compensates for Respiratory acidosis ?

A

kidneys

72
Q

How do you compensate for Respiratory acidosis

A

kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate (HCO3-)

73
Q

What system compensates for metabolic alkalosis ?

A

respiratory system

74
Q

How do you compensate for metabolic alkalosis?

A

Hypoventilation – retaining CO2

75
Q

What organ compensates for Respiratory alkalosis ?

A

kidneys

76
Q

How do you compensate for respiratory alkalosis?

A

Kidneys will increase secretion of HCO3-

Physiology (13 decks)

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