week 5 blood Flashcards
Males have _____ gallons of blood.
1.5
Females have _____ gallons of blood.
1
Blood makes up about __ % of body weight.
8
The functions of blood are to transport ____ & _____, balance ____ & ____, and protect against _____ & ______.
nutrients/hormones, water/pH, infections/blood loss
The composition of blood is __% fluid and __% cellular component.
55%, 45%
Red blood cells are called:
Erythrocytes
Platelets are called:
Thrombocytes
White blood cells are called:
Leukocytes
Plasma is the _____ _________ of blood.
fluid component
Plasma is composed of :
Most importantly: PROTEIN & WATER, as well as hormones, ions and molecules
What are the three plasma protein types:
albumin, globulins, and clotting proteins
What are the three types of globulins:
alpha, beta, and gamma
Example of a gamma globulin are:
IMMUNOGLOBULINS (antibodies we have)
Oncotic pressure:
pressure created by proteins
What is the major plasma protein, (most abundant)
albumin
Albumin makes up ___ of all plasma protein.
2/3
What is the function of albumin:
to create and maintain osmotic pressure
Albumin is produced by the _____.
liver
Clotting proteins are also called
clotting factors
There are __ types of clotting proteins.
12
All 12 types of clotting proteins and albumin are produced by the ____.
liver
Red blood cells function to transport ___.
O2
Red blood cells are produced in the ___ ____ ______ due to a hormone called ___________.
red bone marrow, erythropoietin
Mature red blood cells do not have which organelles _______ or _______.
nucleus or mitochondria
Red blood cells are a ________ disc.
biconcave
Red blood cells are packed with a protein called _______.
hemoglobin
Each red blood cell has about _________ hemoglobin per cell.
300,000
Red blood cells live for about ___ days.
120
Red blood cells are killed in the ______ by ____________.
spleen , macrophages
Macrophages are :
white blood cells
Erytheropeiosis is the process of
red blood cell production
Process of erytheropeiosis :
O2 levels drop-> chemoreceptors in kidney are stimulated-> kidneys release erythropoietin-> erythropoietin travels through blood stream to Red Bone Marrow-> erythropoietin causes stem cells to turn to RBC’s-> O2 levels increase
The cycle of erytheropeiosis takes about ____ weeks to occur.
2
The function of hgb is to
transport oxygen
When hgb is bound to oxygen it is called:
oxyhemoglobin
When hgb is not bound to oxygen it is called:
deoxyhemoglobin
Adult hgb is :
a2b2 (alpha 2 beta 2)
Adult hgb has __ subunits.
4
Hgb is a _______ structure, made of 4 polypeptide chains.
quaternary
The subunits of hgb are
polypeptide chain, heme, and iron.
Each iron molecule binds ____ molecule of ______.
1, oxygen
right shift =
low affinity of hgb to oxygen, hence O2 has been released to tissues
left shift=
high affinity of hgb to oxygen, hence it hold on to the O2 (does not release it to tissues)
factors that cause a right shift:
decreased pH, increased DPG, increased temperature
Factors that cause a left shift:
increased pH, decreased DPG, decreased temperature
Hematocrit is the _____ of _____ in blood.
percentage , red blood cells
Hematocrit also shows you the _____ _______ capacity of blood
oxygen carrying
Males generally have _____% hematocrit.
43-49%
Females generally have _____% hematocrit, due to _________.
37-43%, due to menstruation
Hematocrit is used to determine if someone has ______.
anemia
iron is a part of _______ that binds ________.
hemoglobin , oxygen
Iron is associated with two important proteins:
transferrin & ferritin
Transferrin is responsible for the transportation of ______.
iron
Ferritin is responsible for the storage of ______.
iron
what is hemostasis?
the method by which your body stops bleeding.
Hemostasis involves two processes:
primary and secondary hemostasis
Primary hemostasis is
platelet plug formation.
secondary hemostasis is
clot formation
in primary hemostasis _____ are required.
platelets
In secondary hemostasis _____ _____ are required.
clotting proteins
Minor injuries only require
platelet plug
Severe injuries require
platelet plug and clot formation (primary and secondary)
platelets are produced in the ___ ____ _______ from ____ ____.
red bone marrow, stem cells
Platelets have _____ on its surface and are filled with _______.
receptors, granules
Receptor binding causes platelet ______.
activation.
Platelet activation causes the platelet to change ____ and ________ (lose all of its substance).
shape, degranulate
Von willebrand factor receptor has a special name called
Gp1b (glycoprotein 1 b)
The fibrinogen receptor has a special name called
Gp2b3a (glycoprotein 2b3a)
The four platelet receptors she wants us to remember
ADP, VWF, fibrinogen and collagen
The four secreted substances from platelet receptors she wants us to remember are
factor V and VII, VWF, ADP, and fibrinogen
It is vital that platelets do not bind to ______ ________ because it creates a blockage.
healthy endothelium (vessel wall)
Healthy endothelium releases two substances to prevent platelets from binding to them:
Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin I2 (PGI2)
How do platelets know that a vessel is damaged
the VWF and collagen are exposed
How does our body form the platelet plug ?
Vessel injuring exposing VWF and collagen-> Platelets arrive and bind to endothelium via collagen and VWF (GP1b) causing activation-> the platelets that bind then change shape and degranulate activating other platelets-> platelets bind to each other via fibrinogen (GP2b3a) forming a plug
What are the three pathways involved in secondary hemostasis ?
Intrinsic pathway, extrinsic pathway, and common pathway
Intrinsic pathway
activated by trauma within the vascular system
Extrinsic pathway
activated by external trauma that causes blood to escape the vascular system
Common pathway
results from activation of intrinsic/extrinsic pathway, only completed if vessel injury is severe
Out of the 12 clotting factors, two of them are stored inside platelets, which two are they
factors 5 & 8
clotting factors are produced in an _______ state and must be ______ to function.
inactive, activated
Factors __, __, __, & __ are vitamin K dependent.
2, 7, 9, 10
Vitamin K is needed to produce Factors 2, 7, 9, 10. If you do not have vitamin K you can acquire a ______ disorder.
bleeding
Factors __ & __ are inhibited by protein __ and protein __.
protein C and protein S
Factors __, __, & __ are part of the intrinsic pathway.
9, 11, 12
Factor __ is part of the extrinsic pathway.
7
Factors __, __, __, __, & __ are part of the common pathway.
1, 2, 5, 8, 10
Factor 2, inactive version, is called ____ and the active version is called ______.
prothrombin, thrombin
Factor 1, inactive version, is called ____ and the active version is called ______.
fibrinogen, fibrin
How is the intrinsic pathway activated
HMWK interacts with 12 converting it to active form (12a)-> active 12 interacts with inactive 11 activating it (11a)-> active 11 then interacts with inactive 9 converting it to its active from (9a)
How is the extrinsic pathway activated
calcium and tissue factor come together with factor 7 and convert it to its active form 7a
Factor 7a is able to activate factor ___ all by itself
9
Secondary hemostasis only starts _____ & _____ pathways not _______ pathway.
intrinsic/extrinsic, common
How is the common pathway activated
9a, 7a, 8a, & calcium come together to activate factor 10 (10a)->then 5a, 10a, and calcium come together to activate thrombin (2a)-> thrombin (2a) then activates fibrin (1a) and 13a
What is the function of factor 13a?
fibrinolysis, breaks down the fibrin molecules if too much clot is produced affecting the lumen
What are the two systems used in determining blood groups?
ABO system and RH system
In the ABO system you have 4 types:
blood type A, B, AB, and O
In the RH system you have 2 types:
RH negative (-), and RH positive (+)
Antigens are
foreign substances that induce an immune response in the body
Antigens are found on the ___ of a ____.
surface, RBC (red blood cell)
There are 3 groups of antigens :
A, B, Rh
Antibodies are
molecules that defend against foreign substances (antigens)
Antibodies are found in the ______.
plasma
there are 3 blood group antibodies:
anti A antibody, anti B antibody, and anti Rh antibody
Blood group A contains __ antigen and anti __ antibodies.
A antigen, anti B antibodies
Blood group B contains ___ antigen and anti ___ antibodies.
B antigen, anti A antibodies
Blood group AB contains __&__ antigens and __ antibodies.
A&B antigen , no antibodies
Blood group O contains ___ antigens and anti __&__ antibodies.
No, A&B antibodies
When you are Rh+ your red blood cell has the ___ antigen but no ______.
Rh, antibody
When you are Rh- your red blood cell _____ ___ have the Rh antigen but in the plasma you have the anti ___ antibody.
does not, Rh
