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Physiology > week 5 blood > Flashcards

week 5 blood Flashcards

1
Q

Males have _____ gallons of blood.

A

1.5

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2
Q

Females have _____ gallons of blood.

A

1

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3
Q

Blood makes up about __ % of body weight.

A

8

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4
Q

The functions of blood are to transport ____ & _____, balance ____ & ____, and protect against _____ & ______.

A

nutrients/hormones, water/pH, infections/blood loss

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5
Q

The composition of blood is __% fluid and __% cellular component.

A

55%, 45%

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6
Q

Red blood cells are called:

A

Erythrocytes

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7
Q

Platelets are called:

A

Thrombocytes

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8
Q

White blood cells are called:

A

Leukocytes

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9
Q

Plasma is the _____ _________ of blood.

A

fluid component

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10
Q

Plasma is composed of :

A

Most importantly: PROTEIN & WATER, as well as hormones, ions and molecules

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11
Q

What are the three plasma protein types:

A

albumin, globulins, and clotting proteins

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12
Q

What are the three types of globulins:

A

alpha, beta, and gamma

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13
Q

Example of a gamma globulin are:

A

IMMUNOGLOBULINS (antibodies we have)

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14
Q

Oncotic pressure:

A

pressure created by proteins

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15
Q

What is the major plasma protein, (most abundant)

A

albumin

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16
Q

Albumin makes up ___ of all plasma protein.

A

2/3

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17
Q

What is the function of albumin:

A

to create and maintain osmotic pressure

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18
Q

Albumin is produced by the _____.

A

liver

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19
Q

Clotting proteins are also called

A

clotting factors

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20
Q

There are __ types of clotting proteins.

A

12

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21
Q

All 12 types of clotting proteins and albumin are produced by the ____.

A

liver

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22
Q

Red blood cells function to transport ___.

A

O2

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23
Q

Red blood cells are produced in the ___ ____ ______ due to a hormone called ___________.

A

red bone marrow, erythropoietin

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24
Q

Mature red blood cells do not have which organelles _______ or _______.

A

nucleus or mitochondria

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25
Q

Red blood cells are a ________ disc.

A

biconcave

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26
Q

Red blood cells are packed with a protein called _______.

A

hemoglobin

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27
Q

Each red blood cell has about _________ hemoglobin per cell.

A

300,000

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28
Q

Red blood cells live for about ___ days.

A

120

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29
Q

Red blood cells are killed in the ______ by ____________.

A

spleen , macrophages

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30
Q

Macrophages are :

A

white blood cells

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31
Q

Erytheropeiosis is the process of

A

red blood cell production

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32
Q

Process of erytheropeiosis :

A

O2 levels drop-> chemoreceptors in kidney are stimulated-> kidneys release erythropoietin-> erythropoietin travels through blood stream to Red Bone Marrow-> erythropoietin causes stem cells to turn to RBC’s-> O2 levels increase

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33
Q

The cycle of erytheropeiosis takes about ____ weeks to occur.

A

2

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34
Q

The function of hgb is to

A

transport oxygen

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35
Q

When hgb is bound to oxygen it is called:

A

oxyhemoglobin

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36
Q

When hgb is not bound to oxygen it is called:

A

deoxyhemoglobin

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37
Q

Adult hgb is :

A

a2b2 (alpha 2 beta 2)

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38
Q

Adult hgb has __ subunits.

A

4

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39
Q

Hgb is a _______ structure, made of 4 polypeptide chains.

A

quaternary

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40
Q

The subunits of hgb are

A

polypeptide chain, heme, and iron.

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41
Q

Each iron molecule binds ____ molecule of ______.

A

1, oxygen

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42
Q

right shift =

A

low affinity of hgb to oxygen, hence O2 has been released to tissues

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43
Q

left shift=

A

high affinity of hgb to oxygen, hence it hold on to the O2 (does not release it to tissues)

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44
Q

factors that cause a right shift:

A

decreased pH, increased DPG, increased temperature

45
Q

Factors that cause a left shift:

A

increased pH, decreased DPG, decreased temperature

46
Q

Hematocrit is the _____ of _____ in blood.

A

percentage , red blood cells

47
Q

Hematocrit also shows you the _____ _______ capacity of blood

A

oxygen carrying

48
Q

Males generally have _____% hematocrit.

A

43-49%

49
Q

Females generally have _____% hematocrit, due to _________.

A

37-43%, due to menstruation

50
Q

Hematocrit is used to determine if someone has ______.

A

anemia

51
Q

iron is a part of _______ that binds ________.

A

hemoglobin , oxygen

52
Q

Iron is associated with two important proteins:

A

transferrin & ferritin

53
Q

Transferrin is responsible for the transportation of ______.

A

iron

54
Q

Ferritin is responsible for the storage of ______.

A

iron

55
Q

what is hemostasis?

A

the method by which your body stops bleeding.

56
Q

Hemostasis involves two processes:

A

primary and secondary hemostasis

57
Q

Primary hemostasis is

A

platelet plug formation.

58
Q

secondary hemostasis is

A

clot formation

59
Q

in primary hemostasis _____ are required.

A

platelets

60
Q

In secondary hemostasis _____ _____ are required.

A

clotting proteins

61
Q

Minor injuries only require

A

platelet plug

62
Q

Severe injuries require

A

platelet plug and clot formation (primary and secondary)

63
Q

platelets are produced in the ___ ____ _______ from ____ ____.

A

red bone marrow, stem cells

64
Q

Platelets have _____ on its surface and are filled with _______.

A

receptors, granules

65
Q

Receptor binding causes platelet ______.

A

activation.

66
Q

Platelet activation causes the platelet to change ____ and ________ (lose all of its substance).

A

shape, degranulate

67
Q

Von willebrand factor receptor has a special name called

A

Gp1b (glycoprotein 1 b)

68
Q

The fibrinogen receptor has a special name called

A

Gp2b3a (glycoprotein 2b3a)

69
Q

The four platelet receptors she wants us to remember

A

ADP, VWF, fibrinogen and collagen

70
Q

The four secreted substances from platelet receptors she wants us to remember are

A

factor V and VII, VWF, ADP, and fibrinogen

71
Q

It is vital that platelets do not bind to ______ ________ because it creates a blockage.

A

healthy endothelium (vessel wall)

72
Q

Healthy endothelium releases two substances to prevent platelets from binding to them:

A

Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin I2 (PGI2)

73
Q

How do platelets know that a vessel is damaged

A

the VWF and collagen are exposed

74
Q

How does our body form the platelet plug ?

A

Vessel injuring exposing VWF and collagen-> Platelets arrive and bind to endothelium via collagen and VWF (GP1b) causing activation-> the platelets that bind then change shape and degranulate activating other platelets-> platelets bind to each other via fibrinogen (GP2b3a) forming a plug

75
Q

What are the three pathways involved in secondary hemostasis ?

A

Intrinsic pathway, extrinsic pathway, and common pathway

76
Q

Intrinsic pathway

A

activated by trauma within the vascular system

77
Q

Extrinsic pathway

A

activated by external trauma that causes blood to escape the vascular system

78
Q

Common pathway

A

results from activation of intrinsic/extrinsic pathway, only completed if vessel injury is severe

79
Q

Out of the 12 clotting factors, two of them are stored inside platelets, which two are they

A

factors 5 & 8

80
Q

clotting factors are produced in an _______ state and must be ______ to function.

A

inactive, activated

81
Q

Factors __, __, __, & __ are vitamin K dependent.

A

2, 7, 9, 10

82
Q

Vitamin K is needed to produce Factors 2, 7, 9, 10. If you do not have vitamin K you can acquire a ______ disorder.

A

bleeding

83
Q

Factors __ & __ are inhibited by protein __ and protein __.

A

protein C and protein S

84
Q

Factors __, __, & __ are part of the intrinsic pathway.

A

9, 11, 12

85
Q

Factor __ is part of the extrinsic pathway.

A

7

86
Q

Factors __, __, __, __, & __ are part of the common pathway.

A

1, 2, 5, 8, 10

87
Q

Factor 2, inactive version, is called ____ and the active version is called ______.

A

prothrombin, thrombin

88
Q

Factor 1, inactive version, is called ____ and the active version is called ______.

A

fibrinogen, fibrin

89
Q

How is the intrinsic pathway activated

A

HMWK interacts with 12 converting it to active form (12a)-> active 12 interacts with inactive 11 activating it (11a)-> active 11 then interacts with inactive 9 converting it to its active from (9a)

90
Q

How is the extrinsic pathway activated

A

calcium and tissue factor come together with factor 7 and convert it to its active form 7a

91
Q

Factor 7a is able to activate factor ___ all by itself

A

9

92
Q

Secondary hemostasis only starts _____ & _____ pathways not _______ pathway.

A

intrinsic/extrinsic, common

93
Q

How is the common pathway activated

A

9a, 7a, 8a, & calcium come together to activate factor 10 (10a)->then 5a, 10a, and calcium come together to activate thrombin (2a)-> thrombin (2a) then activates fibrin (1a) and 13a

94
Q

What is the function of factor 13a?

A

fibrinolysis, breaks down the fibrin molecules if too much clot is produced affecting the lumen

95
Q

What are the two systems used in determining blood groups?

A

ABO system and RH system

96
Q

In the ABO system you have 4 types:

A

blood type A, B, AB, and O

97
Q

In the RH system you have 2 types:

A

RH negative (-), and RH positive (+)

98
Q

Antigens are

A

foreign substances that induce an immune response in the body

99
Q

Antigens are found on the ___ of a ____.

A

surface, RBC (red blood cell)

100
Q

There are 3 groups of antigens :

A

A, B, Rh

101
Q

Antibodies are

A

molecules that defend against foreign substances (antigens)

102
Q

Antibodies are found in the ______.

A

plasma

103
Q

there are 3 blood group antibodies:

A

anti A antibody, anti B antibody, and anti Rh antibody

104
Q

Blood group A contains __ antigen and anti __ antibodies.

A

A antigen, anti B antibodies

105
Q

Blood group B contains ___ antigen and anti ___ antibodies.

A

B antigen, anti A antibodies

106
Q

Blood group AB contains __&__ antigens and __ antibodies.

A

A&B antigen , no antibodies

107
Q

Blood group O contains ___ antigens and anti __&__ antibodies.

A

No, A&B antibodies

108
Q

When you are Rh+ your red blood cell has the ___ antigen but no ______.

A

Rh, antibody

109
Q

When you are Rh- your red blood cell _____ ___ have the Rh antigen but in the plasma you have the anti ___ antibody.

A

does not, Rh

Physiology (13 decks)

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