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Physiology > Week 3 Nervous system > Flashcards

Week 3 Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two different types of cells Nervous tissue is made up of:

A

neurons and glial cells

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2
Q

A neurons function is to :

A

Communicate

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3
Q

Neurons are found in the :

A

CNS

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4
Q

What are the different types of neurons:

A

sensory, motor, and interneurons

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5
Q

Glial cells function are :

A

they are the supporting tissue

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6
Q

What are the various types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal, Microglia, Satellite cells, Schwann cells

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7
Q

Where are glial cells found?

A

some in CNS and some in PNS

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8
Q

Oligodendrocyte:

A

(CNS), Myelinate CNS axons, provide structural framework

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9
Q

Astrocyte:

A

(CNS)Maintain blood brain barrier, structural support, regulates ion, nutrients, and dissolved gas concentrations, absorbs and recycle neuronstransmitters, FORMS SCAR TISSUE AFTER INJURY

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10
Q

Ganglia:

A

Neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS

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11
Q

Ependymal Cells:

A

(CNS) lines ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord), assists in producing CSF

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12
Q

Microglia:

A

(CNS) removes cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis

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13
Q

Satellite cells:

A

(PNS) surrounds neuron cell bodies in ganglia, regulates O2, CO2, nutrients and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia

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14
Q

Schwann cells:

A

(PNS) are responsible for myelination of peripheral axons in PNS, enclosed in the myelin sheath, participates in repair process after injury

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15
Q

Myelin sheath :

A

fatty substance covering the axon, forms in sections, produced by Oligodendrocyte (CNS) & Schwann cells (PNS)

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16
Q

Unmyelinated sections are called :

A

Node of Ranvier

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17
Q

what is the function of the myelin sheath, why do we need it?

A

speeds up transmission of electrical signal by enabling saltatory conduction, it also insulates axons, & keeps ions in

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18
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

The process in which the electrical signal hops from one node of ranvier to the next node of ranvier, causing the transmission to speed up

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19
Q

Neurons communicate via ____ ____ and _____ _____.

A

chemical signals and electrical signals.

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20
Q

Chemical signal are called

A

neurotransmitters

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21
Q

Electrical signals are called:

A

action potentials (impulses)

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22
Q

Neurons convert _____ _____ into ______ _____.

A

chemical signals into electrical signals . chemical signal->electrical signal->chemical signal

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23
Q

Chemical signals are located :

A

between neurons, Axon terminal -> synaptic cleft-> Dendrites/Cell body

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24
Q

Electrical signals are located :

A

on neurons, Axon hillock-> Axon body-> Axon terminal

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25
Q

What are the two different classes of neurotransmitters:

A

Excitatory and Inhibitory

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26
Q

What is an excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

Excites the neuron thereby causing an ELECTRICAL signal to be generated.

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27
Q

What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter ?

A

Inhibits the neuron from firing an ELECTRICAL signal.

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28
Q

Examples of excitatory neurotransmitters:

A

Acetylcholine, Dopamine

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29
Q

Examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters:

A

GABA, Serotonin

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30
Q

Electrical signals are called ____ _____.

A

Action potentials

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31
Q

where do action potentials occur?

A

on the axon

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32
Q

What triggers an action potential ?

A

graded potential

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33
Q

What do action potentials result in?

A

neurotransmitter release

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34
Q

what is meaning of resting membrane potential ?

A

Membrane potential of the neuron when it is at rest (not firing any action potentials)

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35
Q

What is the value (mv) of resting membrane potential?

A

-70 mv

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36
Q

Action potential will only occur when it reaches _____ mv.

A

-50 mv, threshold

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37
Q

What is the meaning of threshold?

A

Minimum amount of voltage needed to initiate an action potential

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38
Q

How is the membrane able to reach threshold (go from -70mv to -50mv)?

A

Via graded potential

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39
Q

What does graded potential do?

A

Triggers an action potential to occur

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40
Q

What is a graded potential?

A

Summation of multiple neuronal outputs

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41
Q

What is depolarizing graded membrane potential?

A

When membrane potential becomes POSITIVE and is taken TOWARDS threshold

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42
Q

What is another name for depolarizing graded membrane potential?

A

EPSP (Excitatory post synaptic potential)

43
Q

What causes membrane potential to depolarize?

A

excitatory neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine, Dopamine

44
Q

What is hyperpolarizing

graded membrane potential?

A

When membrane potential becomes negative and is taken away from threshold

45
Q

What is another name for hyperpolarizing graded membrane potential?

A

IPSP (Inhibitory post synaptic potential)

46
Q

What causes hyperpolarizing graded potential?

A

inhibitory neurotransmitters (GABA, Serotonin)

47
Q

What are the two types of graded potential types?

A

Depolarizing & Hyperpolarizing

48
Q

How do depolarizing graded potentials work?

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter is released-> binds to receptor->this opens ligand gated NA+ (sodium) channel->NA+ enters-> membrane becomes positive (taken towards threshold)

49
Q

How do hyperpolarizing graded potentials work?

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter is released-> binds to receptor-> this opens the ligand gated Cl- (chloride) channel-> Cl- enters-> membrane becomes negative (taken away from threshold, action potential cannot be generated)

50
Q

What are the three phases of an action potential?

A

Depolarization (D, 1st phase),
Repolarization (E, 2nd phase), &
Hyperpolarization (F, 3rd phase)

51
Q

Graded potential occurs on :

A

cell body and dendrites

52
Q

Depolarizing action potential is due to :

A

Opening of Voltage gated sodium Channels and sodium (Na+) enters / influx

53
Q

What is another name for depolarization in action potential?

A

upstroke

54
Q

At what value do the voltage gated Na+ channels close and depolarization end?

A

+30 mv

55
Q

At what value does the depolarization process start in action potential ?

A

-50 mv

56
Q

What is another name for repolarization?

A

downstroke

57
Q

At what value does repolarization start?

A

+30 mv

58
Q

At what value does repolarization end?

A

-70 mv

59
Q

Repolarization is due to :

A

Opening of Voltage gated Potassium Channels and Potassium (K+) exits / efflux

60
Q

Hyperpolarization is due to :

A

Voltage gated Potassium Channels being open due to slow closure and thus more Potassium (K+) continues to exit / efflux

61
Q

At what value does hyperpolarization start?

A

-70 mv

62
Q

At what value does hyperpolarization end?

A

-90 mv

63
Q

How do you bring the membrane of -90mv back to resting membrane potential of -70mv?

A

Sodium potassium pump

64
Q

Action potential will always have the _____ _______.

A

Same appearance

65
Q

What is the all or none phenomenon in action potential

A

Threshold must be reached for an action potential to be generated (no threshold no action potential).

66
Q

what is the self propagating event in action potentials?

A

when the action potential propagates itself from axon hillock down to axon terminal

67
Q

What are the two things that increase the speed of an action potential?

A

increase diameter and increase insulation (more myelin)

68
Q

What are refractory periods in action potentials?

A

resting periods

69
Q

What are the two refractory period types?

A

Absolute Refectory Period & Relative Refractory Period

70
Q

What is absolute refectory period?

A

Another action potential CANNOT be generated regardless of the strength of the stimulus

71
Q

what is relative refectory period?

A

Another Action potential CAN be generated if the stimulus is stronger than the original

72
Q

In what part of action potential is the absolute refractory period in place?

A

Depolarization(D) & Repolarization(E), another action potential cannot be generated during Depolarization and repolarization

73
Q

In what part of action potential is the relative refractory period in place?

A

Hyperpolarization(F), another action potential can be generated during hyperpolarization

74
Q

Why can an action potential be generated in relative refectory period, but not in absolute?

A

In Absolute refectory period, it is because the sodium channels are already open. In relative refectory period, the sodium channels are closed and inactive. The channels can then be forced open w/ a stronger stimulus.

75
Q

synaptic transmission steps

A

action potential arrives at axon terminal->voltage gated Ca2+ (calcium) channels open & Ca2+ enters->Ca2+ enters axon terminal causing the neurotransmitter containing synaptic vesicles to release contents via exocytosis->neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to specific receptors on post synaptic membrane

76
Q

What will happen to the postsynaptic membrane once the neurotransmitter binds to it? and what type of graded potential?

A

Graded Potential will be generated. the type of graded potential depends of the type of neurotransmitter released

77
Q

If an excitatory neurotransmitter is released it will bind to a ____ gated ____ channel causing resting membrane potential to move ____ ____.

A

ligand gated sodium channel, towards threshold.

78
Q

If an inhibitory neurotransmitter is released it will bind to a ____ gated ____ channel causing resting membrane potential to move ____ ____ ____.

A

ligand gated chloride channel, away from threshold

79
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters result in a ______ type of graded potential on the _______ ______.

A

depolarizing, postsynaptic membrane

80
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters result in a ______ type of graded potential on the _______ ______.

A

hyper-polarizing, postsynaptic membrane

81
Q

Neurotransmitters are ____ lived.

A

short

82
Q

If neurotransmitters aren’t removed from the synaptic cleft they will ____ to the ___ and cause a change to the _____ _____. (stimulate / inhibit)

A

re-bind, receptors, post synaptic membrane

83
Q

What are the four ways via which the neurotransmitter can be removed?

A

diffusion, phagocytosis, reuptake mechanisms, and enzyme degradation

84
Q

What is diffusion?

A

when the neurotransmitters diffuse out of the synaptic cleft

85
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

when neurotransmitters are phagocytosed by the WBCs (microglial cell)

86
Q

what is a reuptake mechanism?

A

Presynaptic membrane will take the neurotransmitter back into its terminal
to be repackaged for a new cycle

87
Q

what is Enzyme Degradation ?

A

when an enzyme breaks the neurotransmitter into inactive components

88
Q

The autonomic nervous system is the _____ branch of the PNS.

A

motor

89
Q

The autonomic nervous system regulates _______ ______. (breathing, digestion)

A

unconscious function

90
Q

what are the two subtypes of the autonomic nervous system, they work opposite of each other.

A

Sympathetic & parasympathetic

91
Q

What are the two classes of neurons that work in the autonomic nervous system?

A

preganglionic and postganglionic.

92
Q

Preganglionic neuron starts in the ____ and synapses in the ______.

A

CNS, ganglion

93
Q

Postganglionic neuron starts in the ______ and goes to the ____ _____.

A

ganglion, target organs

94
Q

Sympathetic nervous system is activated when the body senses ____ and increases activity of ___ organs.

A

stress, vital (“fight or flight”)

95
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system is activated when the body is ____ and increases activity of _______ organs.

A

calm, non-vital (“rest & digest”)

96
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, the ganglions are in the ______ _____.

A

paravertebral chains

97
Q

In the parasympathetic nervous system, the ganglions are in the ______ _____.

A

target organs

98
Q

Preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system release:

A

acetylcholine

99
Q

Postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system release:

A

norepinephrine & epinephrine

100
Q

The receptors in the sympathetic system are collectively called the _____ receptors.

A

adrenergic

101
Q

What are the two main classes of adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha (1,2) & Beta (1,2,3)

102
Q

In the parasympathetic nervous system the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons both release

A

acetylcholine

103
Q

The receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system are collectively called the ______ receptors.

A

cholinergic

104
Q

What are the two main classes of cholinergic receptors?

A

Nicotinic (N,M) & Muscarinic (1,2,3,4,5)

Physiology (13 decks)

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