Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Week 1 Molecular interactions > Flashcards

Week 1 Molecular interactions Flashcards

1
Q

Elements

A

Smallest form of matter, consisting of atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Atom contains

A

2 particles, protons (+) and neutrons (no charge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What orbits the atom

A

electrons (-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Neutral atom

A

equal number of electrons and protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

octet rule

A

outer most orbit has 8 electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chemical bond

A

Electrons experience a force attraction from both atoms & this (-/+/-) attraction holds the two atoms together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

covalent bonds

A

when to atoms share electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ionic bond

A

one atom gains electrons becoming an anion, and one loses an electron becoming a cation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ions

A

Loos or gain of electrons causes atoms to gain a charge and now they are called IONS.
(cation/anion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

major ions in the body

A

Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate & Chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

molecular polarity

A

When electrons are unevenly distributed with in the molecule creating poles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Polar molecules

A

One end has a (+) charge (pole), Other end has a (-) charge (pole)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

nonpolar molecules

A

No charge on the molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

The (+) end of 1 molecule gets attracted to a (-) end of another molecule forming the Hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ranges of pH

A

0-14, (acidic:0-7, neutral:7-8, basic 8-14)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Acid

A

Donates H⁺ ions to a solution ( H₂CO₃ - Carbonic Acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Base

A

Binds with H⁺ ions from solution

HCO₃ - Bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Buffer

A

A substance that minimizes pH change of that solution when a “acid/base” is added to it (tries to keep the pH as close to the same as possible)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Buffer system found in our body: when pH is increased

A

Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate System- CO2H2O->H2CO3->H+HCO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Buffer system found in our body: when pH is decreased

A

HCO3+H->H2CO3->CO2+H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

decrease in pH means :

A

there is a lot of “H” in your blood so to get rid of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Increase in pH means:

A

there is not enough “H” in your blood and you need to produce more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

4 main classes of organic molecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the three types of lipids

A

phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Saturated triglycerides

A

cause of cardiovascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Unsaturated triglycerides

A

good fats, stored and serves as energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

phospholipids structure and function

A

Structure: head(hydrophilic) & Tail(hydrophobic) Function: Plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Amino acids

A

building blocks for proteins, 20 types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

out of 20 How many amino acids produced by your body

A

11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

out of 20 how many amino acids produced by your diet

A

9

32
Q

polypeptides

A

100 or more amino acids in a chain

33
Q

what does homocysteine (AA) do if increased

A

Increase levels = increase chances of cardiovascular disease

34
Q

Gama- Amino-Butyric Acid (AA) is a :

A

Neurotransmitter

35
Q

Creatine (AA)

A

provides energy to muscles

36
Q

codon

A

3 nucleotides

37
Q

1 codon =

A

1 amino acid

38
Q

Proteins are

A

fundamental components of all living cells

39
Q

How are proteins produces

A

via two complex processes: transcription and translation

40
Q

Primary structure of a protein

A

polypeptide/polypeptide chain (chain of amino acids)

41
Q

Secondary structure of a protein

A

alpha helix(right handed spiral) or beta pleated sheet(2 polypeptides linked together)

42
Q

tertiary structure of a protein

A

3D and functional

43
Q

quaternary structure of protein

A

two or more of the tertiary structures put together

44
Q

only ___ and ___ are functional structures. ___ and ___ are not.

A

only tertiary and quaternary are functional structures. Primary and secondary are not.

45
Q

inactive proteins start with a __ or end with a ___.

A

inactive proteins start with a “pro” or end with a “ogen.”

46
Q

Protein activity can be controlled, either by

A

activating it or inhibiting it.

Such factors are called Protein Modulators.

47
Q

Activators: activate proteins

A

Proteolytic activators,
Allosteric activator, &
Cofactors (ions, small organic functional groups)

48
Q

Inhibitors: Inhibit proteins

A 
Competitive Inhibitor &
Allosteric inhibitor (noncompetitive inhibitor)
49
Q

allosteric activator

A

a modulator that binds to a protein away from binding site and turns it on

50
Q

proteolytic activator

A

protein is inactive until peptide fragments are removed

51
Q

cofactor

A

required for an active binding site, w/o cofactor protein is inactive

52
Q

3 main cofactors in the body

A

(magnesium calcium iron)

53
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitor(allosteric inhibitor)

A

a modulator that binds to a protein away from binding site and turns it off

54
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

competes with Ligand for the binding site

55
Q

The competitive inhibitor can be reversed if

A

you increase ligand concentration

56
Q

protein denaturation

A

Permanent disruption of protein structure, leading to loss of function. Proteins revert back to primary structure from tertiary/quaternary

57
Q

DNA is often called a

A

polynucleotide because they are made of nucleotides

58
Q

Structure of DNA nucleotide

A

phosphate, sugar, and a base

59
Q

Sugar in DNA

A

deoxyribose

60
Q

Bases in DNA

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

61
Q

strands in DNA are linked via

A

hydrogen bonds

62
Q

DNA backbone

A

phosphate/sugar

63
Q

DNA interior

A

Bases

64
Q

Nucleotide binding rule

A

Adenine - Thymine, Cytosine - Guanine

65
Q

DNA characteristics

A

complimentary, hydrogen bonds sustaining helix formation, and antiparallel

66
Q

antiparallel

A

applied to two molecules that are side by side but run in opposite directions, one strands runs: 5’ – 3’ and the other strand runs: 3’ – 5’

67
Q

What does RNA stand for and what is its function

A

ribose nucleic acid, Function: protein synthesis

68
Q

Types of RNA

A

mRNA(messenger), tRNA(transfer), rRNA(ribosomal)

69
Q

which type of RNA can you find in the nucleus

A

only mRNA

70
Q

which kind of RNA can you find in cytoplasm

A

all three, mRNA/tRNA/rRNA

71
Q

RNA composition

A

sugar-ribose, phosphate and a base

72
Q

Bases of RNA

A

adenine-uracil, guanine-cytosine

73
Q

What does ATP stand for and what is it

A

adenosine triphosphate, energy molecule

74
Q

What is NAD nucleotide and what is its function

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, it is a cofactor- carries INDIFFERENT form of energy

75
Q

What is FAD and what is its function

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide, it is a cofactor- carries INDIFFERENT form of energy

76
Q

What is cAMP and what is its function

A

cyclic adenine monoculceotide, signal transduction

Physiology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions