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Physiology > week 2 protein synthesis > Flashcards

week 2 protein synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Transcription

A

(1st process) process in which mRNA is made from DNA, occurs in nucleus

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2
Q

Translation occurs in _______ and is the _______ process in which _______ is made from _____.

A

cytoplasm, second, protein, mRNA

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3
Q

protein synthesis

A

DNA-> Transcription-> mRNA-> Translation-> Protein

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4
Q

Genes are the

A

recipe to make a protein-segment of DNA that codes for protein

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5
Q

During transcription a ___ is used as a template to make mRNA.

A

Gene

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6
Q

Promoter

A

Found at the beginning of a gene (starting point of a gene)

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7
Q

Terminator

A

Identifies the end of a gene (GGGGG)

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8
Q

Promoter is _____ when the body is not producing that protein.

A

Inactive

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9
Q

Promoter must be ____ when it is time to produce that protein.

A

Activated

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10
Q

What activates a promoter?

A

Transcriptional factors

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11
Q

When are the transcription factors produced?

A

When the body need the protein to be produced

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12
Q

Transcriptional factors are usually ____.

A

Hormones

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13
Q

step 1 Transcription: Promoter activation

A

Transcriptional factors (TF) bind to the promoter and activate it. (makes them visible)

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14
Q

Step 2 Transcription: Enzyme binding

A

Activation of the promoter causes an enzyme called RNA Polymerase (RP) to arrive and bind to the promoter, causing the gene to unwind.

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15
Q

Step 3 Transcription: mRNA Synthesis

A

RNA Polymerase (RP) travels along the gene and places complimentary nucleotides until it reaches the terminator, then it stops. Creating the mRNA (immature)

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16
Q

Step 4 Transcription: mRNA Release

A

RNA polymerase encounters Terminator-> detaches from gene-> primary mRNA released-> TF & RP degrades-> then promoter is inactive

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17
Q

Primary mRNA (immature mRNA)

A

immature mRNA contains introns and exons

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18
Q

Introns

A

junk information, does not code for anything

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19
Q

Exons

A

Important information, codes for protein

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20
Q

Mature mRNA should ONLY contain ______.

A

Exons

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21
Q

Step 5 Transcription: mRNA editing

A

Process that matures mRNA, Two steps: removal or introns & adding cap and tail

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22
Q

Spliceosomes

A

enzymes that remove the introns and combine the exons

23
Q

Methyl Group

A

The cap (chemical group)

24
Q

Poly “A” Tail is made up of

A

multiple adenine nucleotides

25
Q

Step 6 Transcription: Release of mature mRNA

A

Mature mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm , then translation will start

26
Q

Mature mRNA has _____.

A

Nucleotides

27
Q

mRNA is a ____.

A

Polynucleotide

28
Q

Every three nucleotides on a mRNA is a _____.

A

Codon

29
Q

Codons represent an _____ _____.

A

Amino Acid, 1 codon = 1 amino acid

30
Q

Methionine is an ____ ____.

A

Amino Acid

31
Q

mRNA contains a ______ in the form of ____ that code for specific ___ ___.

A

message , codons, amino acids (proteins)

32
Q

Codons are the _____ ____.

A

genetic code

33
Q

There are __ codons in total and they code for __ amino acids.

A

64, 20

34
Q

Four most important codons

A

AUG, UAA, UAG, UGA

35
Q

AUG is a :

A

start codon, starts translation, represents methionine

36
Q

UAA / UAG / UGA are:

A

stop codons, stops translation, codes for no amino acid

37
Q

Translation is the process in which _____ is made from ____ and occurs in the _____.

A

protein, mRNA, cytoplasm

38
Q

Three steps of translation:

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

39
Q

The three type of RNAs needed for translation:

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), and Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

40
Q

rRNA function:

A

holds mRNA together, during translation allows appropriate tRNA to enter

41
Q

rRNAs have two subunits :

A

1) small subunit (40s) & 2) Large subunit (60s)

42
Q

What size is the small rRNA subunit

A

40s

43
Q

what size is the large rRNA subunit

A

60s

44
Q

What is the importance of tRNA in translation?

A

They are the molecules that carry the amino acids during the process of translation

45
Q

tRNA structure:

A

it has two arms, T shaped, Anticodon arm & amino acid arm

46
Q

Anticodon arm of tRNA

A

goes across horizontally, contains nucleotides which are complimentary to the codon found on mRNA

47
Q

Amino Acid Arm of tRNA

A

Vertical to anticodon arm, contains the amino acid which is represented by the codon

48
Q

Initiation is the process in which

A

everything is gathered together (mRNA/tRNA/rRNA) and translation starts

49
Q

Elongation

A

when the polypeptide chain gets longer (ribosome moves a codon over-> new tRNA comes in-> amino acid makes a bond-> that tRNA leaves and the new tRNA comes in

50
Q

Termination:

A

Tells us translation is ending because ribosome came across a stop codon, everything then breaks apart and polypeptide chain enters Golgi apparatus

51
Q

What are the two large subunit types of rRNA?

A

A site and P site

52
Q

A site of rRNA:

A

allows tRNA to enter the ribosome

53
Q

P site of rRNA:

A

allows tRNA to exit the ribosome

Physiology (13 decks)

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